Interdisciplinary
M. Bahrani
Abstract
The interdisciplinary approach is a post-development approach. It introduces the idea-norm of responsibility as the teleost of education and research. Without this inter-teleos, all the modern values would be in risk of corruption. But the responsibility itself has limitations. The phenomenological hermeneutics ...
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The interdisciplinary approach is a post-development approach. It introduces the idea-norm of responsibility as the teleost of education and research. Without this inter-teleos, all the modern values would be in risk of corruption. But the responsibility itself has limitations. The phenomenological hermeneutics repairs and rectifies these limitations. By amending the inadequacy of responsibility in the interdisciplinary approach, we will be able not to act violently, doing less crimination, exploitation and harming the environment. For us, as people involving in the development process and democratization, to be responsible and to do interdisciplinary is a demanding and troublesome task of all disciplinary contributions. Only by an aggregation of knowledge and morality we can do Interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity begins with promotion and flourishing the self, and flourishing the self needs rationality and criticism. In this research I argue that we need a phenomenological approach toward Interdisciplinarity, so the critiques and condemnations heretofore raised against the positive approach toward it diminish and the interdisciplinary collusion not occurs again.
Interdisciplinary
Gh. Darzi
Abstract
Interdiaciplinarity is one of the most significant phenomena of our time, but it is not an easy task to come up with a coherent and precise definition. Evidently,the reason is the wide variety of opinion among the experts in this field. A historical approach toward the most practical definitions of interdisciplinarity ...
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Interdiaciplinarity is one of the most significant phenomena of our time, but it is not an easy task to come up with a coherent and precise definition. Evidently,the reason is the wide variety of opinion among the experts in this field. A historical approach toward the most practical definitions of interdisciplinarity and its different types can be very advantageous in this regard. The present research has aimed to show that that , in its early stage, interdiscipllinarity was merely an idealistic concept which was related to the development of 'unified science'. However, the more we move to the present time, the more tangible problems from the world outside we can deal with. Three main insights into the concept of interdisciplinary are based on "Epistemic breaches", "degree of integration", and "the purpose of interdisciplinary research" and illustrate the afore-said conceptual transition. In the latter type, interdisciplinary researches are observed on the basis of their applicability. In the first two types, however, epistemological and knowledge-related issues are at stake. The most recent concept of "Transdisciplinarity" is also entirely based on the degree of applicability and locality of the issues in question. In the first type, we will face "crossing the boundaries of knowledge" and in the second one, we will "cross the field of knowledge". Among these terms, "multidisciplinary" has been far less controversial and there is a relatively good agreement on it. In this way, the co-operation of the disciplines is minimal.
Interdisciplinary
M. Taheri Demneh; Z. Heidari Darani
Abstract
Apart from the fact that the conceptualization and application of interdisciplinary fields are still in midway, most studies in this field have focused on f the university and paid attention to the necessity of establishing an interdisciplinarity at the university. However, academic experience has shown ...
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Apart from the fact that the conceptualization and application of interdisciplinary fields are still in midway, most studies in this field have focused on f the university and paid attention to the necessity of establishing an interdisciplinarity at the university. However, academic experience has shown that a student at the university who has not learned interdisciplinary skills before (in a pre-academic period or school), is weak in the understanding and use of interdisciplinarity at the university. From this viewpoint, regardless of the concept of "discipline," which remains a specialized activity in the university, the term "interdisciplinarity" expresses a set of future-oriented skills that have to be from the first stage of human development in the Education Portfolios. This paper is a theoretical and analytical attempt to extend interdisciplinarity in pre-academic literature. In this paper, first the feasibility and necessity of pre-academic interdisciplinarity are studied, and second, some practical solutions are offered to achieve this goal in order to form a collage of the future of the school. This collage is a future image of the schools where the interdisciplinary human achieves skills such as adaptability, teamwork, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving for living in a complex environment.
Interdisciplinary
T. Miremadi
Abstract
Here we present an overview of the theoretical evolution of the field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) research and its implications on the progressive evolution from a single discipline of Neo-classical economics to an interdisciplinary research field with critical and reflective ...
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Here we present an overview of the theoretical evolution of the field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) research and its implications on the progressive evolution from a single discipline of Neo-classical economics to an interdisciplinary research field with critical and reflective capacity. Research field can be more empowering to offer relevant policy if the integration among the involved disciplines is higher. This overview will help in determining if different paradigmatic turns this field has gone through, during the last 60 years, has prepared the field to offer more salient policy advice to the policymakers for the complex problems. The research unit is "research program" that each theoretical paradigm developed around the notion of "Failure" which justifies the public intervention in STIP space. Drawing on Klein–Welsh classification, the conceptual model was constructed on Fritsch technological instrumentalism-McCarthy's technological essentialism. The findings of this study are: First, this research field has gone through two significant paradigmatic shifts; from instrumentalism to technological essentialism of evolutionary economics and now to interactionism of multi-level perspective approach. Second, these two turns have increased the complexity of the level of analysis, the integrated disciplines and the level of integration within the field. Based on the conceptual framework, the study concludes that the field of STIP is emerging more integrated at the level of its foundations and by being more reflective and critical. It has increased its power to provide more relevant policy prescriptions for wicked problems.
Interdisciplinary
S. A. Nabavi
Abstract
Transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies, in addition to epistemological plurality, signifies a kind of methodological plurality. Where the possibility of various and unspecialized perceptions is taken for granted and interdsciplinarity emerges, methods and tools are transformed as well. ...
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Transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies, in addition to epistemological plurality, signifies a kind of methodological plurality. Where the possibility of various and unspecialized perceptions is taken for granted and interdsciplinarity emerges, methods and tools are transformed as well. In this regard, interdisciplinarity involves two important changes in the system of knowledge: on the one hand, the claimed or imagined borderlines of a specific discipline or field are crossed by the concepts or variables of another discipline or field; on the other hand, the methods of research and study migrate from one discipline to another discipline. However, if these two changes do not occur based on firm foundations and predetermined criteria, they will result in mental and methodological confusion instead of effectiveness. The present article examines transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies while taking into account the two challenges mentioned above and considering the outcomes of this transition in the scientific society of Iran.
Mohammad Sadiq Zahedi
Abstract
Improving applied science is one of the main goals in higher education policy, Todays. In the meantime, practicalization of theoretical sciences is difficult and complicated because dividing science into practical and theoretical, puts these two groups of sciences in front of each other. Although, Sciences ...
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Improving applied science is one of the main goals in higher education policy, Todays. In the meantime, practicalization of theoretical sciences is difficult and complicated because dividing science into practical and theoretical, puts these two groups of sciences in front of each other. Although, Sciences like physics and chemistry have been divided into applied and theoretical since a long time, dividing philosophy into theoretical and applied philosophy has not been considered seriously. The term “Applied Philosophy” has been used by some philosophers recently and there are some centers working under this name, but teaching applied philosophy is not a powerful stream in higher education. In this paper by showing the difference between applied philosophy and what is traditionally called practical wisdom, I’m going to argue that Interdisciplinarity is one of the best ways of developing applied philosophy and introducing some fields it.
Jabbar Rahmani
Abstract
Interdisciplinarity as a subject in science studies is regarding to the way that different sciences and their results are combined to reach a comprehensive understanding of scientific subjects. Interdisciplinarity is a solution to cross the hard boundaries of sciences and make them closer and relative ...
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Interdisciplinarity as a subject in science studies is regarding to the way that different sciences and their results are combined to reach a comprehensive understanding of scientific subjects. Interdisciplinarity is a solution to cross the hard boundaries of sciences and make them closer and relative to each others. Disciplinarity has been the result of division among the sciences, and Interdisciplinarity is the way to solve the limitation of this division. Study of Culture as multi dimensional phenomena in human life required an interdisciplinary perspective. Anthropology as a science of human and culture formed in the historical situations that its founders and subjects came from other disciplines. In this paper I try to discuss from interdisciplinary perspective on the historical and theoretical framework of anthropology. As a result it is stated that interdisciplinary frameworks of anthropology originated from its beginnings and have continued till today. Finally these aspects characterize the study of culture as interdisciplinary field; anthropology among the social science can do this job in its best level.
S. A. Nabavi
Abstract
As a determinant factor in several socio-political events, Islamism has been considered as the focal point in variety of explorations. The present study suggests that to understand this complex and dynamic phenomena properly, it should be studied as an interdisciplinary concept; a motional one which ...
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As a determinant factor in several socio-political events, Islamism has been considered as the focal point in variety of explorations. The present study suggests that to understand this complex and dynamic phenomena properly, it should be studied as an interdisciplinary concept; a motional one which moves throughout different social and human sciences’ boundaries and thus is not totally accessible within a special discipline. However, providing an opportunity to study the subject matter from various angels, the interdisciplinary approach to the subject helps to avoid reductionism and simplification. In order to obviate critiques emphasising on the methodological weakness of the interdisciplinary studies, it is possible to make critical discourse and debates from the point of view of different disciplines over the subject. This procedural understanding of the matter is a kind of hybridization in which not only all the participating disciplines save their own properties, but also the restrictions of their introspective approach might be overcome. The present study attempts to show that regardless of this interdisciplinary approach, any study on Islamism is improper, and even impossible.
Amir Hosein Khaleghi; Ali Asghar Pourezzat
Abstract
Following Kuhn's seminal work, "the structure of scientific revolution", challenging accumulation and progress in science, paradigm concept has been widely used in social science and popularized in scientific community. In this article, possibility of multi/meta paradigm approach in interdisciplinary ...
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Following Kuhn's seminal work, "the structure of scientific revolution", challenging accumulation and progress in science, paradigm concept has been widely used in social science and popularized in scientific community. In this article, possibility of multi/meta paradigm approach in interdisciplinary studies is sought. Reviewing different perspectives to paradigms including paradigm incommensurability, possibility of dialogue between different paradigms, i.e. multi/meta paradigm approach, is examined. The enquiry is comparative-descriptive and critically scrutinizes previous writings in the area. Eventually, it will be shown that a major problem in literature on paradigm is loose application of the term. Taking into account the context of application, Vagueness can be reduced. Furthermore, Multi/Meta paradigm approach is paradoxical and ignores the essential characteristic of paradigm. in interdisciplinary studies, multiple paradigms cannot be used simultaneously.
Hedayatollah Etemadizade; Mohammad Javad Liaghatdar; Ahmadreza Nasr; Nematollah Mosapour
Abstract
Different developments in recent years have provided protection for participative and interdisciplinary research from research and educational institutes and other organizations which invest in research. Because of the need for having a comprehensive look in solving problems and understanding complexities ...
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Different developments in recent years have provided protection for participative and interdisciplinary research from research and educational institutes and other organizations which invest in research. Because of the need for having a comprehensive look in solving problems and understanding complexities and also multidimensionality of problems which societies encounter some special ideas have evolved. Based on these ideas if researchers who are involved in one discipline, without being helped from experts of other disciplines, may come to ineffective solutions without sufficient consideration in all aspects of the problems. So research policy makers have come to these conclusions that: first, researches relating to social problems should be conducted with helps of researchers from other scientific fields. Second, researchers should work cooperatively and having interaction with each other. Third, their research finding should be so integrated that as much as possible a comprehensive and agreeable solution could be advanced. And finally, all above said will be achieved through interdisciplinary research. In this paper, based on validated scientific texts, authors have tried to provide a comprehensive look at the nature of interdisciplinary research in higher education. The basic subjects offered are: development of the ways of conducting academic research, moving of academic research to interdisciplinarity, consideration of academic disciplines for understanding interdisciplinary research, considering the nature of interdisciplinary research, early and late interdisciplinarity, and the motives of reflection of interdisciplinarity in policy making.
Morteza Bahrani
Abstract
As a term either in education or in research, Interdisciplinarity throughout the world is known as a new way of knowing. However, the why-ness of its appearance and development is surely worth of exploration. Right now, one can find many explanations, mostly unsatisfying; and therefore, it is needed ...
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As a term either in education or in research, Interdisciplinarity throughout the world is known as a new way of knowing. However, the why-ness of its appearance and development is surely worth of exploration. Right now, one can find many explanations, mostly unsatisfying; and therefore, it is needed to use a pathological and phenomenological approach to go the core reason of its existence. As this study shows, “responsibility” could be assumed as the right core reason here. Paying attention to the changes in the interaction between individuals and society, it is just Interdisciplinarity which can make them responsible before the other. In this definition, Interdisciplinarity means to approach the borders of knowledge to find satisfying answers to the questions which could not be answered in a unique, isolated discipline. However, this is a planar blade: the interdisciplinaer might use it as an accuse to veil his/her weakness in his/her academic discipline, while, on the other hand, Interdisciplinarity could be seen as a normative ethics whose goal is to educate people to responsibly find answer to their questions in the area of interdisciplinary knowledge.
Jamal Salimi; Hasan Maleki
Abstract
The theoretical basis of interdisciplinary curriculum is found in progressive educational philosophy. The progressive movement is an approach to learning that places great emphasis on creativity, active learning, "naturalistic" learning, real world outcomes, and experience. The other more recent theoretical ...
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The theoretical basis of interdisciplinary curriculum is found in progressive educational philosophy. The progressive movement is an approach to learning that places great emphasis on creativity, active learning, "naturalistic" learning, real world outcomes, and experience. The other more recent theoretical basis for interdisciplinary curriculum is found in constructivism theory. Constructivism is a theory of learning that states that each person must construct his or her own reality. The constructivism principle states that experience is the key to meaningful learning, not someone else's experience abstracted and condensed into textbook form, but it is based on one's own direct experience. In the interdisciplinary curriculum, the debates about themes or content development will refuse any disciplinary classification. The content will define on exist problems and this problem must to have a bases in reality. The essential and real problems of life will be a basic that must to use not only in design of curriculum bout also in the process of teaching. In the other hand, the curriculum has core elements that have not correct structure without them. In this article, we try to reviewing the literature of interdisciplinary curriculum in higher education and in other section, we will determine core element of higher education interdisciplinary curriculum and practical guideline to design an interdisciplinary curriculum.
Mohammad Javad Rezaei; Mahdi Movahedi Beknazar
Abstract
Economics as one of the humanities which is studying the manner of choosing and exchange of people and also the major consequences of these decisions, always will be accused by psychologists to ignore the evidences and the facts. Economics with establishing of behavioral micro-foundation and forming ...
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Economics as one of the humanities which is studying the manner of choosing and exchange of people and also the major consequences of these decisions, always will be accused by psychologists to ignore the evidences and the facts. Economics with establishing of behavioral micro-foundation and forming theories based on these assumptions, claims that this scientific field is consistent. Since the unit of analysis of both these sciences is individual and his/her behavior, the interaction between economics and psychology can be used by economists to theorizing in economics. In this paper we point out deficiencies of the some economic theories in meeting the real observations and some theoretical progress towards dialogue of both sciences and we discuss the necessity and importance of interdisciplinary studies in this area. Finally a teaching and research framework will be presented with emphasis on creation of interdisciplinary studies courses.
Hamid Javedani; Jafar Tofighi
Abstract
It is almost three decades since the polemic challenges over the conceptualization ,comprehension and the ways of implication of interdisciplinary education and studies have been faced.These challenges, taking root from epistemological and methodological deficiencies of disciplinary knowledge in explaining ...
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It is almost three decades since the polemic challenges over the conceptualization ,comprehension and the ways of implication of interdisciplinary education and studies have been faced.These challenges, taking root from epistemological and methodological deficiencies of disciplinary knowledge in explaining and resolving complex issues of the real life ,still need to be taken up seriously. Regarding the short history of theorization in the field of Interdisciplinary Studies ,the suitable methodology for this study could be a critical analysis of theories and common thoughts in the field. The research findings of this theoretical study focus on conceptual integration ,alternative and critical thinking as the core issues which seem a prerequisite for the progress of Interdisciplinary Studies. Additionally, Interdisciplinary Studies are based on team interaction more than individual efforts. Factors like funding, professional orientation and institutional support, constitute the main contextual forces influencing interdisciplinarity .And also epistemological factors ,team factors and problem solving are the important factors in conducting interdisciplinary researches
Ali Khorsandi Taskooh
Abstract
According to organizational development in interdisciplinary education in the last three decades, in addition to the expansion of interdisciplinarity in scientific and intellectual activities, now it might be said that interdisciplinarity has acquired a high status in academic structures. Reviewing literature ...
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According to organizational development in interdisciplinary education in the last three decades, in addition to the expansion of interdisciplinarity in scientific and intellectual activities, now it might be said that interdisciplinarity has acquired a high status in academic structures. Reviewing literature shows that there are different types of interdisciplinary experiments; among them some are familiar to scholars, while others are somehow non-familiar. However, it does not mean that these non-familiars are useless or inappropriate. Considering that each kind of interdisciplinarity has its own approach that leads to knowing and understanding special subjects in the multifaceted interdisciplinarities, the present study attempts to explain the most important types of interdisciplinarity, and their special implications.
Ali Eftekhari
Abstract
According to the speedy progress of science and technology during the past years, different branches of science are more dispersed. As a result, there are fewer connections between them in the whole structure of science. On the other hand, solving complicated problems in the realms of science and technology ...
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According to the speedy progress of science and technology during the past years, different branches of science are more dispersed. As a result, there are fewer connections between them in the whole structure of science. On the other hand, solving complicated problems in the realms of science and technology needs more comprehensive perspectives. During the past years, considerable attentions have been paid to interdisciplinary studies, and according to the corresponding needs, it has also been extended to interdisciplinary education. However, it is not an easy task to apply the concept of interdisciplinary education. However, it is not an easy task to apply the concept of interdisciplinarity to various disciplines having different systems. This uncommon situation has made it subject of controversial debates. In other words, contrary to common belief that interdisciplinarity is merely based on the process of mixing different disciplines, it is a complicated issue needing special considerations. The first step is to know different aspects of interdisciplinarity and then analyzing the subject under consideration. In the present paper, the basic concepts of interdisciplinary are described by introducing its common terminology. Furthermore, some essential requirements for performing interdisciplinary programs (in higher education level) are discussed based on solid arguments and known facts. To this aim, the most commonly accepted standpoints about interdisciplinary education are used.
