Demography
M. Bagi
Abstract
Considering changes to the age structure of the population and macro-level socioeconomic transformations that Iran has experienced, marriage trends between different periods and generations are expected to go along with a change. This paper aims to examine periodic and generational changes in marriage ...
Read More
Considering changes to the age structure of the population and macro-level socioeconomic transformations that Iran has experienced, marriage trends between different periods and generations are expected to go along with a change. This paper aims to examine periodic and generational changes in marriage and the determinants of marriage probability over the last four decades using the multilevel age-period-cohort method. For this purpose, the data from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey were analyzed. The findings showed that in both sexes, younger cohorts delay their marriage compared to the older ones and hence marry at older ages. The percentage of married women in all cohorts is higher than men until 35 years, but at older ages, there is an opposite tendency. Periodic trends confirm these results. The age-period-cohort analysis reveals women marry earlier than men in all periods and cohorts, but the marriage probability among them is less than men. Tertiary education and employment are found to be crucial variables in reducing the probability of marriage in different periods and cohorts but their impacts are varied in two sexes. The breadwinner male model of the Iranian family i.e., employment has led to the increase in marriage probability of men but at the same time decrease the women’s marriage probability. Given the expansion of higher education and the prolongation of the education period, it is expected that in case of lack of appropriate policies and programs for youth, the delay in marriage with continue. In this way, planners need to take into account the changes that have taken place at family and community levels over the past decades in their policies.
Environment
M. Talebi; M.J. Zareian; A. Farokhniya; R. Roozbahani
Abstract
The adoption of intermediate plans for development and progress is based on policies that are in the form of specific objectives and legal mechanism and executive plans. As in many cases, the weakness in implementation can be traced to policies. Accordingly, due to the imbalance between consumption and ...
Read More
The adoption of intermediate plans for development and progress is based on policies that are in the form of specific objectives and legal mechanism and executive plans. As in many cases, the weakness in implementation can be traced to policies. Accordingly, due to the imbalance between consumption and demand in the management of water resources, one of the reasons can be sought in the form of policy-making and planning. However, water policy-making and planning in Iran has not been a fixed one and has undergone many changes in social and political contexts. Most of the developments in water planning and policy-making are between water programs before and after the Islamic Revolution; developments in medium and short terms are also evident. To identify these developments through a qualitative approach and the inductive content analysis method, the text of development plans and documents has been studied. Since the Islamic Revolution, these developments have been more influenced by the political discourse of the government. The results also show that development programs in Iran have not been sufficiently coherent in terms of the sustainability of water resources. In fact, the change in policies related to the exploitation of water resources during this period has led to the rupture of various development programs of the country from the perspective of water management.
COVID-19 Crisis
M.H. Badamchi; F. Alborzi
Abstract
Corona pandemic has suspended two major social institutions in Iran; Traditional institution: Mosques, Holy Shrines, Ramadan and Muharram religious rituals were shut down very soon; as far as modern institutions concerned, i.e. malls, cinemas, Coffee shops, universities, parks and restaurants they faced ...
Read More
Corona pandemic has suspended two major social institutions in Iran; Traditional institution: Mosques, Holy Shrines, Ramadan and Muharram religious rituals were shut down very soon; as far as modern institutions concerned, i.e. malls, cinemas, Coffee shops, universities, parks and restaurants they faced closure gradually. Instead of these two social structures, other two marginal institutions, internet and home, have taken responsibility to endure the fading social, cultural and even educational affairs. It seems that in intersection of home and internet, there is a “digital woman” maintaining “the social”, which we aim to introduce. This new feminine institution has risen within masculine Iranian tradition and masculine modernization. We use Nematollah Fazeli’s viewpoint about Iranian “none-traditional return to home” in semi-quarantined corona days and his idea about appearance of unprecedented “active home” in the pandemic. We also use Donna Haraway’s “a cyborg manifesto” about the feminine characteristics of mixed human-technology condition, to get qualitative analysis of Persian Instagram content in first wave of pandemic (between March and June 2020). The result implicates the appearance of a new generation of Iranian women, neither a traditional housewife as part of private home; nor a modernized one as part of public street; but a post-traditionalist/post-modernist creative citizen inside “Insta-Homes”, representing an feminine agency which doesn’t fit in the marginalizing borders of traditional and modernist patriarchal structures.
Interdisciplinary
H. Afrakhteh
Abstract
Iran have the longest history of development program among the under developing countries, but it is still a developing country. None of the country development programs including before and after the revolution, has reached its economic goals. Nowadays, the country has not suitable development position ...
Read More
Iran have the longest history of development program among the under developing countries, but it is still a developing country. None of the country development programs including before and after the revolution, has reached its economic goals. Nowadays, the country has not suitable development position among the world countries, but sometime has been witnessed a retreat. The main goal of this paper is analyzing the economic achievements of 70 years’ development programs and their effective factors from the viewpoints of mental structures. Research required data have collected through interview with development planers elites and some documents. Collected data analyzed through grounded theory and inductive reasoning. Findings show that economic goals of development programs have not realized after 70 years. Because the programs are not based on strong theoretical foundations and in accordance with country natural, economic and social condition. Therefore, People voluntary participation not guaranteed due to lack of democratic structure. Work does not have a significant validity; in spite of low economic weight of country among the world, a large share of world politics is being pursued in this country. The impact of natural, economic and social stabilities on production development does not matter and economics is not considering as an organic phenomenon. Therefore, negative mental structures play an important role in failing to fulfill development programs in Iran.
Sociology
N. Sedghi
Abstract
The central issue of Ashraf in reviewing Iran's history is to explain the historical obstacles of the formation of the capitalist system of the bourgeoisie and civil society. Ashraf to Description of the above problem has used the concepts of "Asian system" and "feudal system" in Marx's thoughts, and ...
Read More
The central issue of Ashraf in reviewing Iran's history is to explain the historical obstacles of the formation of the capitalist system of the bourgeoisie and civil society. Ashraf to Description of the above problem has used the concepts of "Asian system" and "feudal system" in Marx's thoughts, and the concepts of “Patrimonialism” and “the Oriental City” in the sociology of Max Weber. As he has used the native concept of the "Muluk-al-Tawaiifi” to analyze some of the characteristics of the social and political life of the nomadic societies and their effects on social and political life of Iran. Ashraf, one of the representatives of the discourse of democratic and capitalist development pattern based on the role of the middle class or bourgeoisie. Ashraf's views on the historical barriers of Iranian society development are remarkable at three levels of political, social and economic interconnectedness. The dominance of Asian systems and the patrimonial and the Muluk al-Tawaiifi in the political arena, Nomadic, rural, and urban community associations in the social arena And the unity of the methods of agricultural production and handicrafts were the factors that Ashraf has raised as historical obstacles to the realization of feudalism and the growth of "national capitalism" in Iranian history.
Educational Sciences
M. Nikbin; Gh. Zakersalehi; R. Mahozi
Abstract
Internationalization has become a major issue and a widespread phenomenon in higher education area.. One of the aspects of policy making in this area is paying attention to the cultural dimensions of internationalization of higher education, which provides the terms of acceptance of this phenomenon and ...
Read More
Internationalization has become a major issue and a widespread phenomenon in higher education area.. One of the aspects of policy making in this area is paying attention to the cultural dimensions of internationalization of higher education, which provides the terms of acceptance of this phenomenon and prevents conflicts. Considering the importance of cultural issues and the role of reproduction of culture in higher education, this article seeks to answer the question of what cultural requirements for internationalization of higher education are required. To answer this question, a mixed research method (qualitative and quantitative) was used. The findings showed that in order to promote the internationalization of higher education in Iran, it was necessary to consider the adoption of cultural policy at the levels of governance, the international environment, the domestic environment (national culture), and universities and higher education institutions simultaneously, and in each case it is necessary to adopt proper policies. The main suggestion of this paper is presented in the form of a comprehensive and universal model based on all levels and the far and near environment of higher education.
Geography
E Lashgari Tafreshi; A. Valigholizadeh
Abstract
One of the most important topics have been studied in Cultural geography field, is investigating the relationship between environment conditions and its effects on culture and how their mutual influence on each other. In this regard, some cultural elements are raised by natural geography condition and ...
Read More
One of the most important topics have been studied in Cultural geography field, is investigating the relationship between environment conditions and its effects on culture and how their mutual influence on each other. In this regard, some cultural elements are raised by natural geography condition and is related by natural dimensions and characteristics of geographic space. These ecological characteristics lead formation of the unique cultural landscape of space. In other word, the reasons for the emergence of this symbol culture were related to natural features. For example, many part of the religion function include provide solutions for problems that there are in the place. This trend is terminated to the formation of religious thoughts that particularly is led by natural space. Obviously, Religion in Iran is certainly not the exception in this category, and there is some part of fundamental causes of characteristics Religions in Iran were affected by natural foundations of Iran’s plateau. In this regard, in this paper this question has been proposed, how had been affected natural geographical indexes on religious thoughts before Islam rise and after it? In this research for responding to this question, have been struggled with explanting and analytical approaches, was checked natural fundamental causes of religious thoughts in Iran. Finding research reveals that, natural conditions of Iran plateau or even in the Middle East such as climatologic characteristics or geomorphologic conditions, hydro issues, have been very effective roles on religious thoughts before entering of Islam to Iran and after it.
Language Teaching
M. Dahmardeh; A. Nemati Limaee
Abstract
Persia (Iran) is considered one of the oldest civilisations; because of its especial geographical and geopolitical position, economic conditions and numerous other factors, it has always attracted the attention of rulers and natives of other countries. This has resulted into extensive relations between ...
Read More
Persia (Iran) is considered one of the oldest civilisations; because of its especial geographical and geopolitical position, economic conditions and numerous other factors, it has always attracted the attention of rulers and natives of other countries. This has resulted into extensive relations between Persians (Iranians) and other nations throughout history. As a result, along the Persian (Farsi) language which has been used to communicate by different people settled in this territory, as befitting each era, a variety of foreign languages also rose in popularity. Moreover, the issue of teaching and learning foreign languages across this land, especially in recent centuries, has been among the concerns of its inhabitants. Employing historical and linguistic research, this article, which is prepared by scholars of linguistics and history for the very first time in the relevant world literature, aims to discuss the position of foreign languages in Persia (Iran) and the changes in their status in different eras, from the past to the present. The examination of historical and linguistic documents as well as of existing knowledge depicts an impressive picture of the number of languages that were spoken throughout Persian (Iranian) history as well as their diversity.
Interdisciplinary
A. A. Ghasemi; R. Emami Meibodi
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies can play a pivotal role in the growth and development of sciences, especially the humanities. In the present article, through semi-structured interviews with some experts and thinkers in Iran and the content analysis of their ideas, attempt is made to answer these questions: ...
Read More
Interdisciplinary studies can play a pivotal role in the growth and development of sciences, especially the humanities. In the present article, through semi-structured interviews with some experts and thinkers in Iran and the content analysis of their ideas, attempt is made to answer these questions: in the view of experts, what are the main obstacles to the development of humanities in Iran? And what role can interdisciplinary studies play in the development of humanities? The results of the study show that according to experts, “interdisciplinary development”, having the twelfth place among the sixteen important factors in the development of humanities, does not have a considerable effect on the development of humanities in Iran per se, and its efficacy depends on the existence of more important conditions, such as the provision of an open intellectual climate at universities and the independence of scientific community. The development of interdisciplinary studies can play a part in the development of humanities in Iran, only if it results in scientific synergy among experts in different disciplines of humanities, improves the scientific ability of professors, students and researchers, and makes humanities more applicable in society.
R. Gransayeh; E. Khalili
Abstract
In this article, we declare the preliminary approaches of translation in Iran's history, includes some results of a research about translation trends in Iran’s cultural history, in order to understand any probable relation between the assumed approaches and the socio-cultural changes, in which ...
Read More
In this article, we declare the preliminary approaches of translation in Iran's history, includes some results of a research about translation trends in Iran’s cultural history, in order to understand any probable relation between the assumed approaches and the socio-cultural changes, in which there is two major historical periods, the ancient Iran and the Islamic cultural period. Then the probable relation between translation approaches and socio-cultural changes has been considered and conceptually used as an index for understanding the social functions of translation in those periods, and also finding out any socio-historical role of translation in the cultural history of Iran. The concept of “translation” in this article has been used in two different, but related conceptual meaning: the first one considers translation as the process of rendering words or texts from one language into another, the second approaches includes any reading and re-reading of a culture by another culture, as an intercultural process. Methodologically, older periods have been studied by pursuing the relations between transitional engravings, scripts and monuments. The newer periods have been studied through historical reports. The final conclusion proposes two different functions of translation; it seems that translation in the ancient period is an inner cultural trait; and in the Islamic era seems to function more as a “necessity for intercultural communications”, and also as a way to provide basic needs for constructing a trans-cultural society.
S. R. Shakeri
Abstract
Interdisciplinary can be considered as an advantage when it has a certain relation with scientific and epistemic facilities in a society. In contemporary Iran, some of these facilities are the heritage of our religious intellectualism, and considering interdisciplinary phenomenon, they may be used in ...
Read More
Interdisciplinary can be considered as an advantage when it has a certain relation with scientific and epistemic facilities in a society. In contemporary Iran, some of these facilities are the heritage of our religious intellectualism, and considering interdisciplinary phenomenon, they may be used in scientific and methodological fields, and somehow in academic policy-making. The heritage of Ali Shariati’s intellectualism -- as a thing that cannot be rejected in terms of language, theoretical value, and attraction to students in our thought framework -- contains the basis for multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary thought. Therefore, having multi-disciplinary knowledge, Shariati discuses subjects such as human, history, land, and identity -- which cannot be explained properly using a mere field of study -- in an inter-disciplinary method. The canon of Shariti’s inter-disciplinary thought can be discussed in the concept of “fixed-variable”. This paper conducts a hermeneutical analysis of the interdisciplinary facilities in Shariati’s intellectualism base on “fixed-variable” challenge. The result indicates that interdisciplinary can be a base for making human sciences indigenous in Iran. If we take into account the interdisciplinary based on historical and social facts, the real epistemic and thinking challenges will be revealed and interdisciplinary can be expanded.
Hosein Meisami; Mohsen Abdolahy; Mostafa Shahidi Nasab; Mahdi Ghaemiasl
Abstract
This research analyzes patterns and different interdisciplinary educational programs and takes their propriety with Islamic economics and finance into consideration. Actually, this answers the question that if Islamic economics and finance is going to be held as an interdisciplinary field in the Islamic ...
Read More
This research analyzes patterns and different interdisciplinary educational programs and takes their propriety with Islamic economics and finance into consideration. Actually, this answers the question that if Islamic economics and finance is going to be held as an interdisciplinary field in the Islamic humanities, which of the main interdisciplinary approaches should be adopted and how much is the potentiality of every interdisciplinary approach herein? Presenting principles “maximum integration” and “maximum usage”, the research shows that proper approach toward Islamic economics and finance is content-based integration and among different approaches, intra-disciplinary and parallel inter-disciplinary approaches can’t secure the principles. Although multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, pluri-disciplinary, trans-disciplinary and post-disciplinary approaches are more appropriate than two previous ones, but in current condition, because of their shortcomings, usage of them is not suggested. Finally, it seems that potentiality and efficiency of Interdisciplinary approach is more than the others. Hence, planner of Islamic economics and finance can utilize this in designing the relevant curriculum. However, in practice, Interdisciplinary approach can be taken as basic and principal approach and simultaneously, advantages of other approaches can be used to strength educational program.
