Philosophy
M.R. Amiri Tehrani
Abstract
The individual-community relationship has always been one of the most fundamental topics of social sciences. In sociology, this is known as the micro-macro relationship while in economics it refers to the processes, through which, individual actions lead to macroeconomic phenomena. Based on philosophical ...
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The individual-community relationship has always been one of the most fundamental topics of social sciences. In sociology, this is known as the micro-macro relationship while in economics it refers to the processes, through which, individual actions lead to macroeconomic phenomena. Based on philosophical discourse and systems theory, many sociologists even use the term "emergence" in their understanding of micro-macro relationship, which refers to collective phenomena that are created by the cooperation of individuals, but cannot be reduced to individual actions. "Emergence" theories attempt to explain the nature of society as a complex system by examining how individuals and their relationships lead to the creation of integrated and macro-social phenomena such as markets, educational systems, cultural beliefs, and shared social practices. As a prelude to activity, every researcher has to answer the question from the methodological point of view, how is it possible to study the behavior of social groups and how can we gain knowledge about the laws related to social groups? Anyone who deals with humanities and social sciences or any reality and phenomenon that affects human beings, inevitably deals with the reality that is emerging. In fact, emergence occurs when one level of reality emerges radically from another level. Examples of emergent levels of reality include how the mind emerges from the body; or the way society emerges from human beings. Therefore, when there is an emerging factor, different scientific disciplines should be used, because it is inevitable to talk about social affairs, psychology and neurobiology, as well as physical and even chemical.
Interdisciplinary
S. A. Nabavi
Abstract
Transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies, in addition to epistemological plurality, signifies a kind of methodological plurality. Where the possibility of various and unspecialized perceptions is taken for granted and interdsciplinarity emerges, methods and tools are transformed as well. ...
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Transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies, in addition to epistemological plurality, signifies a kind of methodological plurality. Where the possibility of various and unspecialized perceptions is taken for granted and interdsciplinarity emerges, methods and tools are transformed as well. In this regard, interdisciplinarity involves two important changes in the system of knowledge: on the one hand, the claimed or imagined borderlines of a specific discipline or field are crossed by the concepts or variables of another discipline or field; on the other hand, the methods of research and study migrate from one discipline to another discipline. However, if these two changes do not occur based on firm foundations and predetermined criteria, they will result in mental and methodological confusion instead of effectiveness. The present article examines transition from discipline to interdisciplinary studies while taking into account the two challenges mentioned above and considering the outcomes of this transition in the scientific society of Iran.
Farid Azadbakht
Abstract
Disciplined Survey of Multidimensional Phenomena Such As World-Wide Legal Phenomena, Calls for The Extension of Conceptual framework and To overcomes Epistemological /Methodological Dogmatism of International Law and Its Analytic /Imperative Logic, Prevails On Ontological / Epistemological Aspects of ...
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Disciplined Survey of Multidimensional Phenomena Such As World-Wide Legal Phenomena, Calls for The Extension of Conceptual framework and To overcomes Epistemological /Methodological Dogmatism of International Law and Its Analytic /Imperative Logic, Prevails On Ontological / Epistemological Aspects of The Progressive Science of International Law and Its Pluralistic Methodology that has Reduced to the Collection of Non Sanction rules, and So It has Modified To Phenomenology of States Will. Regardless of The Fact ,The Application of Systemic Approach to Untested International Law Domain ,Per se ,Is Faced To Various Epistemological / Ontological Controversies and Methodological Challenges, However Epistemological Prerequisites Calls for In Regard to Rethinking Capacities of Systemic Explanation of International Law ,Its Status and Its Place Draws In The General System of Science So That Publicists Can Distinguish Its Analytic And Imperative Logic of International Law From Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Sciences . To This Purpose, It Supposes That International Law Is Organic Totality (Wholeness) and On The basis of Systemic Analysis, International Law Is Analytic and Interactive System. In the First Level of Analysis That Concerning To Theoretical and Scientific structures of International Legal Science Will be Explained And Analyzed The Methodology, Patterns of Explanation, Legal Language, Making Theory Process, testing Theory ,and In The Second Level of Analysis That Its Aim To Explain The Ontological Dimension of International Law It Will Be Analyzed Interactive Modes Of International legal System Which Is constituent Synthesis of Legal Institutions ,Norms , Styles , Procedures and Mechanisms That Will Be Studied In External – Internal /Boundary Patterns of Interaction
