COVID-19 Crisis
M.S. Zokaei; S. Veisi
Abstract
The emotional structure of every society forms the dynamic cultural part of that society. Despite the profound and pervasive effects of these emotional networks on the social context and daily interactions, a systematic and analytical study of on structure of society's emotions is performed rarely in ...
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The emotional structure of every society forms the dynamic cultural part of that society. Despite the profound and pervasive effects of these emotional networks on the social context and daily interactions, a systematic and analytical study of on structure of society's emotions is performed rarely in the Iranian social sciences space. Over the past few months, the coronavirus pandemic has had significant effects on the emotional structure of the Iranian society, especially the two emotions of hope and anxiety. Cyberspace is a continuation of real space that well depicts these changes. Relying on virtual ethnography, semiotics and thematic analysis, the present paper shows that the spread of the Coronavirus, in cyberspace more than ever and in the continuation real emotional structures of society has put collective hope against public hope. Based on the results, criticism has tended towards utopian optimism as well as the carnivalization of space. Nevertheless, there are traces of agentic hope, which, of course, sometimes lead to deviation in that space. Anxiety, as an emotion that is inversely related to hope, and especially collective hope, has increased dramatically with the rise of the coronavirus pandemic. Since the increase in structural anxieties does not lead to agentic hope, it has added to frustrations and boredom and existential anxiety. Even the transformation of existential anxiety into visual once has not been able to reduce its severity. Eventually, the anxiety out of corona becomes an abomination to all members of the society and then increases it further.
Law
G.A. Ghasemi; M. Akefi Ghaziani
Abstract
Covid-19 has encountered the global economy with numerous challenges, including foreign investments. States are obliged under international law for the health and security of their citizens. However, measures taken to secure public health in the face of a disease outbreak have caused many losses to investment ...
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Covid-19 has encountered the global economy with numerous challenges, including foreign investments. States are obliged under international law for the health and security of their citizens. However, measures taken to secure public health in the face of a disease outbreak have caused many losses to investment activities. Governments are tossed up between the protection of public health and foreign investment, and they often choose the former and adopt necessary measures. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this article tends to answer the key question that “what are the legal aspects of foreign investments that have suffered losses, and how all these measures adopted by states are legally justified?”. Therefore, after an introduction to the crisis, in three chapters, the States' international commitment to control infectious diseases, legal dimensions of foreign investment, and the legal challenges of dispute resolution are analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that the States are committed to controlling the spread of infectious diseases under the international health regulations and the core human rights instruments. Therefore, declaring a state of emergency and other restrictions are not only justifiable but also the part of an international commitment. However, these measures expose foreign investments to unprecedented damages. The overflow of the investment claims is considered a serious threat to the receiving States. Considering the present uncertainty, due to the lack of recorded judgments by international courts and tribunals on this issue, IIAs, customary international law, and the rules of responsibility of States will eventually shape the foundations of the decisions of authorities.
COVID-19 Crisis
M. Khalili
Abstract
Corona, like some Greek words, has two meanings; both the crown and the aura. It is now worldly/pandemic and has become the crown of the world and has swallowed everything in its aura. Disease of Covid-19 has put the world on the brink; as far as the pre-Corona and post-Corona world is spoken of as two ...
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Corona, like some Greek words, has two meanings; both the crown and the aura. It is now worldly/pandemic and has become the crown of the world and has swallowed everything in its aura. Disease of Covid-19 has put the world on the brink; as far as the pre-Corona and post-Corona world is spoken of as two very different worlds. Corona reveals the boundary position of the present world; Without having already reached a consensus on it. The Corona is crucial moment; it means the terrifying collapse of time and space full of bandits, without a pre-arranged plan to confront them. The signs of a changing world had long since become apparent when the global village was spoken of; but there was no agreement on the themes and ways of collective life in the globalized world. The author, by accepting the presupposition (the foundation of human collective life based on the dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis) and by considering the approach of political history and using the method of history-bond explanation, has tried to justify the idea that the Corona as a turning point cause the human society needs to a new social contract. If in 1648, Münster of Westphalia, was the end of the war and the beginning of a collective agreement; Wuhan of 2019 marks the beginning of the battle for globalized humanity to step into the path of a new agreement for a new treaty.
COVID-19 Crisis
Sh. Ahmadi; M. Gargaz
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cost of economic health in patients with the COVID-19. One of the problems in our country during the outbreak of a disease is the high amounts of out-of-pocket and direct payments, and as a result, the possibility of heavy health costs, especially in low-income ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the cost of economic health in patients with the COVID-19. One of the problems in our country during the outbreak of a disease is the high amounts of out-of-pocket and direct payments, and as a result, the possibility of heavy health costs, especially in low-income households. At a time when the emphasis is on reducing communication and maintaining social distance, the problem of employing manpower has affected the economy. With the outbreak of the COVID-19, the increase in the unemployment rate on one hand, and in the living costs on the other, are causing low-income households to face economic problems. Considering that the economy is a branch of the social system, the present paper is a cross-sectional study in which 400 patients were selected from all patients admitted to hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, using two-stage random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that among the 12 variables studied, 7 variables were proved to have a significant relationship with high health costs and out-of-pocket payments. These seven variables are: the family head's gender, living in a urban areas, the other household members' illnesses, home ownership, the income level, the coverage of supplementary insurance, and the number of household members. It seems that the lack of careful attention to the designing of appropriate health mechanisms based on the country’s economic, social, demographic conditions and also the epidemiological patterns of COVID-19, is one of the most important causes of inefficiency of the Iranian health services in supporting patients.
COVID-19 Crisis
E. Aghamohammadi
Abstract
The field of international health relations includes a set of international rules and regulations, governmental and non-governmental actors, international institutions, and the relationships among them that work within global health. The international health system has undergone many changes in recent ...
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The field of international health relations includes a set of international rules and regulations, governmental and non-governmental actors, international institutions, and the relationships among them that work within global health. The international health system has undergone many changes in recent years, the main focus of which is the World Health Organization, which since its establishment has taken effective measures to develop and promote global health in coordination with governments. But despite changes in international health regulations and the development of international institutions, cooperation between international actors, especially governments, is challenging in some circumstances. The corona pandemic, as a major source of concern, is now exposing the international community’s fragility. Governments have shown reluctance to make decisive decisions about this crisis. This reluctance stems, on the one hand, that scientific evidence on the nature and extent of issues related to the disease remains ambiguous and controversial, and on the other hand, possible conflicts of interest have complicated the possibility of a global consensus. The question is: what has been the performance of the international health system, especially as regards international health regulations, the World Health Organization and governments, and is it worthwhile for them to deal with the Corona pandemic? The results of the present study show that despite the development of the global health system in recent years and its relative success in the face of international crises, there is a need for institutional development and strengthening of health diplomacy.
COVID-19 Crisis
M. Yekrangi
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus in 2019-20 influenced different aspects of human beings' lives such as education, business, economy, culture, medical care, and consequently their fundamental thoughts were the subjects to be revised. Philosophy of criminal justice was not an exception. Since many inmates ...
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The pandemic of coronavirus in 2019-20 influenced different aspects of human beings' lives such as education, business, economy, culture, medical care, and consequently their fundamental thoughts were the subjects to be revised. Philosophy of criminal justice was not an exception. Since many inmates escaped from multi jails in Iran in this period, the philosophy of law faced the heated widespread debates on the right of internee to get out and the right of the government to confront with them as a citizen or enemy. The question was this: due to the fear of the Coronavirus and the death, if the prisoners have the right to flee and if the government has the right to oppose them. If yes, what are the foundations of their rights? The paper scrutinizes these issues in the light of Thomas Hobbes's political philosophy because he insisted on the right of government on the one hand and the criminal's rights to resist punishment on the other hand. Finally, the paper concludes that the prisoners have the right to run away in the corona pandemic situation, but their rights should be interpreted in the meaning of right/privilege, not right/claim; and governments have the right to oppose them in the meaning of right/power.
COVID-19 Crisis
Y. Mohamadifar; S. Amiri
Abstract
The emergence of some prominent political, economic, social, and biological crises plays a vital role in changing the behavior of human society. In this regard, the preventive and controlling actions of the Corona crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multidimensional approach, have led ...
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The emergence of some prominent political, economic, social, and biological crises plays a vital role in changing the behavior of human society. In this regard, the preventive and controlling actions of the Corona crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multidimensional approach, have led to changes in consumers’ purchasing behavior. What is important in this regard is the need to use an interdisciplinary perspective (economics, management, marketing, psychology and sociology) to understand this complex phenomenon. To this end, this article has been conducted using a qualitative approach and with the aim of modeling consumer purchasing behavior in the condition of the Corona virus (COVID-19) crisis, with a multidimensional approach. The methods include of: review of specialized databases, observation, and in-depth interviews with 28 key informants that validity and reliability of them had been confirmed, were used for data gathering. Results showed that the predictive model of the demand situation for Corona's post-crisis goods or services depends on 3 indicators: "the nature of the good or service" and "the level of human interaction in exchange" as well as "income level". Moreover, complete deletion; delayed purchase; purchase substitution; and the relative decline in purchases are the four behavioral categories that consumers adopt during the Corona Crisis, and this model depends on a variety of variables. Finally, the necessary recommendations, with an approach influenced by different areas of knowledge, were presented in the form of a model during the Corona crisis in line with changes in the marketing mix (4P).
COVID-19 Crisis
M. Fouladiyan; F. Sadrnabavi; P. Khosronejad; M. Vaez Mousavi; M. Zarifpooya; V. Shameli; Z. Baghban Golkhatmi; M. Shamsaei
Abstract
Social phenomena are so complex that one cannot gain an understanding of all their aspects by a specific approach or a single discipline. Turning to pilgrimage action when there is the possibility of catching a dangerous disease before, during, and after the pilgrimage, the study of such phenomena requires ...
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Social phenomena are so complex that one cannot gain an understanding of all their aspects by a specific approach or a single discipline. Turning to pilgrimage action when there is the possibility of catching a dangerous disease before, during, and after the pilgrimage, the study of such phenomena requires taking a deep interdisciplinary and qualitative approach. With the prevalence of Coronavirus in Iran as a Muslim country, there are controversies over the conflict of observing hygienic rules or performing religious rites, especially regarding the presence of the Imams in the shrines. To investigate the effect of coronavirus outbreak on the rites of pilgrimage to the Imam Reza shrine via a qualitative approach and content analysis method. Accordingly, 46 pilgrims to the Imam Reza shrine were interviewed to investigate the reasons for their presence in these special circumstances and examine their pilgrimage methods to the Razavi shrine. The findings show that four categories of pilgrimage justification styles were obtained in the mental dimension, which include traditional-devotional, mitigation-denial, compulsion-imitation, and rational styles. These four styles are distinguished from each other based on the degree of attention paid to the earthly matter (i.e., the disease and its seriousness).
COVID-19 Crisis
M.H. Badamchi; F. Alborzi
Abstract
Corona pandemic has suspended two major social institutions in Iran; Traditional institution: Mosques, Holy Shrines, Ramadan and Muharram religious rituals were shut down very soon; as far as modern institutions concerned, i.e. malls, cinemas, Coffee shops, universities, parks and restaurants they faced ...
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Corona pandemic has suspended two major social institutions in Iran; Traditional institution: Mosques, Holy Shrines, Ramadan and Muharram religious rituals were shut down very soon; as far as modern institutions concerned, i.e. malls, cinemas, Coffee shops, universities, parks and restaurants they faced closure gradually. Instead of these two social structures, other two marginal institutions, internet and home, have taken responsibility to endure the fading social, cultural and even educational affairs. It seems that in intersection of home and internet, there is a “digital woman” maintaining “the social”, which we aim to introduce. This new feminine institution has risen within masculine Iranian tradition and masculine modernization. We use Nematollah Fazeli’s viewpoint about Iranian “none-traditional return to home” in semi-quarantined corona days and his idea about appearance of unprecedented “active home” in the pandemic. We also use Donna Haraway’s “a cyborg manifesto” about the feminine characteristics of mixed human-technology condition, to get qualitative analysis of Persian Instagram content in first wave of pandemic (between March and June 2020). The result implicates the appearance of a new generation of Iranian women, neither a traditional housewife as part of private home; nor a modernized one as part of public street; but a post-traditionalist/post-modernist creative citizen inside “Insta-Homes”, representing an feminine agency which doesn’t fit in the marginalizing borders of traditional and modernist patriarchal structures.
COVID-19 Crisis
N. Fazeli
Abstract
In this paper, I aim to shed light on the cultural consequences and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Iranian society. After a short introduction about the purpose and leading questions of the article, I will seek to delineate "the problematization of culture in Iran", and deal with this problem that ...
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In this paper, I aim to shed light on the cultural consequences and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Iranian society. After a short introduction about the purpose and leading questions of the article, I will seek to delineate "the problematization of culture in Iran", and deal with this problem that how Iranians' collective mind, influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, has become more conscious and sensitive inspiring them to question taken-for-granted cultural matters. Then I will commit myself to characterize three discourses that have addressed the probable cultural impacts of this pandemic situation on Iranian society, including the discourses of "continuity", "discontinuity", and "critical rethinking”. My approach to the current pandemic situation is in the same vein with the critical rethinking discourse. I will put forward this viewpoint that the Coronavirus crisis has given us a great opportunity to critically revisit and reconsider our ways of life and this reconsideration will be continued regardless of its objective effects on the society’s structures. My methodology approach in this article is mainly based on discourse analysis. Theoretical and conceptual analysis is a strategy to understand available discourses about the cultural effects of the Corona Virus. I will also include my personal intuitions drawn from my lived experiences
COVID-19 Crisis
M. Shafiee Seifabadi; A. Bagheri Dolatabadi
Abstract
In the pandemic of COVID-19, we are facing a social crisis that affects all aspects of human life. Understanding the dimensions of this transformation requires the use of a conceptual framework or an Interdisciplinary approach. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to understand the effects ...
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In the pandemic of COVID-19, we are facing a social crisis that affects all aspects of human life. Understanding the dimensions of this transformation requires the use of a conceptual framework or an Interdisciplinary approach. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to understand the effects and realities of the COVID-19 crisis based on Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems with using library study and descriptive-analytical method. The question is, "What aspects of human life were affected by the COVID-19 crisis and what realities does it involve? ''The hypothesis tested is that "the Coronavirus crisis can be examined at three levels: interactive, organizational, and comprehensive, and can be understood in subsystems such as law, science, religion, politics, economics, and education''. The results of the research show that changing the approach in the context of the social interaction system caused a fundamental change in people's daily interactions. In the organizational system, some organizations benefited and some suffered, and the organizational action of some institutions was dragged into the houses. The comprehensive system, which includes six sections, also experienced significant changes in the economic field, the emergence of new laws in many aspects of citizens' lives, a profound change in religious beliefs, a change in teaching methods, special attention to the experimental sciences and centralism in the political subsystem.
Cultural Studies
H. Taheri Kia
Abstract
The event of the epidemic of Covid-19 had a massive shock to the borders of the order of Iranian everyday life. The emergence of death and disease from the Covid-19 put Iran in an exception state. Universities and schools were shut down and people went to lockdown. Also, the event of the epidemic of ...
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The event of the epidemic of Covid-19 had a massive shock to the borders of the order of Iranian everyday life. The emergence of death and disease from the Covid-19 put Iran in an exception state. Universities and schools were shut down and people went to lockdown. Also, the event of the epidemic of Covid-19 led to other events such as quarantine and it caused economic, mental, and family crises. The crucial event of the epidemic of Covid-19 was coincident with the traditional ceremony of Iranian New Year accompanied by shopping, traveling, and visiting families. But all of them were destroyed. By shutting down the city and the necessity of not coming together, digital geography was the most important space for retrieval of relationships and people could share their emotions of fear and anxiety and they make an emotional connection. Thus, one of the most important emotions which were shared in virtual social networks included nostalgia about the time before the epidemic of Covid-19 in Iran and dreaming the coming future. Then by applying a multidisciplinary approach through digital cultural studies and visual studies, the main object of the article is to analyze how emotions of nostalgia and dreaming of Iranian people were expressed on Instagram and Facebook. Consequently, remembering the city as a lost secure home and thinking of a vague future as dreaming indicates of getting stuck in the present time of the field of the event.
COVID-19 Crisis
H. Afrasiabi; M. Baharluoei
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic affected the world and different dimensions of individual and social life. We used an interpretative and interdisciplinary approach in order to explore emotional, interactional, economic and social layers. The participants included 43 youth users of social media that selected by purposeful ...
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COVID-19 pandemic affected the world and different dimensions of individual and social life. We used an interpretative and interdisciplinary approach in order to explore emotional, interactional, economic and social layers. The participants included 43 youth users of social media that selected by purposeful sampling method. Semi structured interview conducted in order to data gathering. The interviews texts were analyzed with theoretical coding technique (open, axial and selective coding). By coding process, 7 main categories constructed including, phsycho-behavioral pressure, self-care improvement, limitation of interactions, life facilities limitation, spiritual reflexivity, media bitterness and self-review and retrieval. Finally, the suspension in fear and reflexivity emerged as core category that covered all concepts and categories. Under corona pandemic conditions, relations and skills was evaluated and revised in some cases. Youth participants, perceived this conditions as a time for being by their self and tried to change attitudes to self and the world. Coronavirus emerged like a crisis, and same as any other crisis in human life led to fundamental changes in subjectivity. Our view of the globe and globality was changed and we found that all human kind around the word is face with same risks and threats. This can improve our global awareness.
COVID-19 Crisis
S. Saidi
Abstract
Considering Afghan migrants’ presence in Iran as a temporary situation for over the past four decades, turned into a social problem which impact upon both migrants lived experiences and the host society. This article seeks to understand the implications of the Corona pandemic situation on the lived ...
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Considering Afghan migrants’ presence in Iran as a temporary situation for over the past four decades, turned into a social problem which impact upon both migrants lived experiences and the host society. This article seeks to understand the implications of the Corona pandemic situation on the lived experience of Afghan students. The central hypothesis of this paper is that the outbreak of the Corona virus has had far-reaching effects on the educational, economic and social dimensions of migrants in general and Afghan students in particular. The most important negative effect of this social anxiety at the intersection with nationality, gender and class is enlargement of educational and gender inequalities in the daily lives of immigrants. On the other hand, the most important positive change resulting from this pandemic situation is the visibility of the presence of immigrants in the public opinion and policy arena in Iran, which to some extent has facilitated the structural integration of immigrants. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 31 Afghans with experience of higher education in Iran. Equal access to educational services provided by the school, facilitation of student accommodation regulations and amendment of the executive regulations of the Law on Entry and Residence of Foreign Nationals, automatic renewal of immigrants' identity cards, renewal of immigrants’ work permits and the approval of executive regulations related to health insurance coverage have been among the most important changes in the Iranian government's policy towards the immigrant community during the Corona crisis.
COVID-19 Crisis
G. Zakersalehi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts have already accepted the fact that the COVID-19 crisis has had impacts on higher education. Moreover, in their view, these effects are not simple and have wide and diverse dimensions. On average there was a fifty percent agreement on at least one of seven preferred scenarios mentioned above. Three major trends that are most likely to occur from the respondents' point of view are: strengthening e-learning (but not as a fundamental transformation and a complete online delivery of the content), a change in the academic lifestyle and paying more attention to sustainability. These three trends contain the most preferred scenarios.