Jafar Tofighi; Hamid Javedani
Abstract
Complexity of interdisciplinary concept, which is a result of complex nature of sciences and various theories, calls for more scrutiny on quality, background as well as concepts and approaches related to this issue. Therefore, a better understanding of interdisciplinary courses requires exploration of ...
Read More
Complexity of interdisciplinary concept, which is a result of complex nature of sciences and various theories, calls for more scrutiny on quality, background as well as concepts and approaches related to this issue. Therefore, a better understanding of interdisciplinary courses requires exploration of the concept of interdisciplinary studies which constitute the first part of this paper. In fact, many theorists maintain that shortcomings of interdisciplinary studies as well as complexity of issues facing human society and paradigm changes in human society which pave the way for transition from an industrial to a knowledge-based society, are major issues related to interdisciplinary courses which should be explored. The second part of this paper stresses on conceptualizations regarding interdisciplinary courses which have been written on the basis of different approaches including, inter alia, alternating, normative, and epistemological approaches which lead to different conceptualizations on interdisciplinary courses. Despite those differences in conceptualization on interdisciplinary courses, they have a common point: the necessity of attending to interdisciplinary studies in order to solve complex human problems. Genealogy and Background studies, which can play a great role in better understanding of interdisciplinary courses and differentiate them from pre-disciplinary studies, focus on factors affecting developments in this scientific area which includes typology of interdisciplinary courses.
Keyvan Zahedi
Abstract
The present paper follows two aims: first it will look into the process, and not the history of the evolution of interdisciplinary approaches, and second it will present exaptational evolution as the complementary phase based on foresight management. Hence it will be demonstrated that the interdisciplinary ...
Read More
The present paper follows two aims: first it will look into the process, and not the history of the evolution of interdisciplinary approaches, and second it will present exaptational evolution as the complementary phase based on foresight management. Hence it will be demonstrated that the interdisciplinary process has already surpassed the mode 1 methodology and is currently completing and the mode 2 methodology. It will also be suggested that the evolution so far has been an adaptational one, will become exaptational within a framework that the author terms engaging engineering. Thus the paper will review the distinctions made within the broader interdisciplinary field, investigate its motivation and explain Raison d’étre of the approach, discuss the challenges in its way, offer the required features and last but not least explore the author’s proposal to enhance efficiency in its consolidation and expansion.
Gholamreza Fadaei
Abstract
LIS as a field of study has had a lot of debate from its origin to be counted as an academic discipline. This is because some people think that it is originally practice based; others suppose that technology has greatly affected its identity. The author believes that the approach is not correct. It is ...
Read More
LIS as a field of study has had a lot of debate from its origin to be counted as an academic discipline. This is because some people think that it is originally practice based; others suppose that technology has greatly affected its identity. The author believes that the approach is not correct. It is not accurate to think that LIS is a discipline founded by library as a place, whereas the concept of LIS, and then as a task, responds to the real information needs of people. Anyhow, the author argues that all human disciplines are interdisciplinary in action, because man is multi aspectual in theory and practice, and LIS is like other disciplines. Thus, every field of study must be counted a discipline first, then interact with other disciplines in practice.
Mohammad Javad Sharifzade; Elyas Naderan
Abstract
The publication of “The Problem of Social Cost” by Ronald Coase in the 1960s shaped a turning point in the interdisciplinary studies between economics and other related disciplines. The pre-coasian economic theories –which mostly belonged to neo-classical school - place no importance ...
Read More
The publication of “The Problem of Social Cost” by Ronald Coase in the 1960s shaped a turning point in the interdisciplinary studies between economics and other related disciplines. The pre-coasian economic theories –which mostly belonged to neo-classical school - place no importance on the legal and historical institutions. Coase along with other property rights economists showed that when transaction costs are positive, allocative efficiency is not independent from legal rules and so the legal institutions have a determining role in achieving efficiency. This framework remembers us that when transaction costs are positive, interdisciplinary studies are unavoidable. The rise of “Law and Economics” movement in the academic literature was the natural consequence of the Coase Theorem. In this paper, we shall introduce these new perspectives and their implications for interdisciplinary research about law, economics, and history in Islam. We will see that Coase theorem and the very conception of transaction costs can play an important role in developing Islamic interdisciplinary research on economics and open new research perspectives.
Rezvan Hakimzade
Abstract
Ever increasing focus on interdisciplinary curricula in higher education is a sign of existing challenges which seriously criticize subject-oriented curricula. Globalization is the major player of this challenging field. Globalization has implications to the curriculum filed-except the paper's view- ...
Read More
Ever increasing focus on interdisciplinary curricula in higher education is a sign of existing challenges which seriously criticize subject-oriented curricula. Globalization is the major player of this challenging field. Globalization has implications to the curriculum filed-except the paper's view- which the implications come from students accelerating and increasing access to academic documents through ICTs. Alongside being the world work market and new jobs and careers, taking new responsibilities, students call for new competencies to play their own roles as global, national and local citizens. Traditional curricula do not provide such opportunities. In line with this view, internationalization of higher education as a process is a strategy to reaction against the challenges which have rooted from globalization. This strategy is suggested and preferred by higher education experts and some world class and progressive universities. This paper will briefly review the concept of globalization and internalization through its characteristics, and also will focus on globalizing and internationalizing of higher education curricula. Major part of the paper will stress on evidences and reasons for moving toward globalizing of higher education curricula on basis of global infrastructures and perspectives. Finally, the idea is that global citizenship competency-oriented curricula in higher education will respond to competencies of today world phenomenon and the rapid changes of the world.
Morteza Bahrani
Abstract
As a term either in education or in research, Interdisciplinarity throughout the world is known as a new way of knowing. However, the why-ness of its appearance and development is surely worth of exploration. Right now, one can find many explanations, mostly unsatisfying; and therefore, it is needed ...
Read More
As a term either in education or in research, Interdisciplinarity throughout the world is known as a new way of knowing. However, the why-ness of its appearance and development is surely worth of exploration. Right now, one can find many explanations, mostly unsatisfying; and therefore, it is needed to use a pathological and phenomenological approach to go the core reason of its existence. As this study shows, “responsibility” could be assumed as the right core reason here. Paying attention to the changes in the interaction between individuals and society, it is just Interdisciplinarity which can make them responsible before the other. In this definition, Interdisciplinarity means to approach the borders of knowledge to find satisfying answers to the questions which could not be answered in a unique, isolated discipline. However, this is a planar blade: the interdisciplinaer might use it as an accuse to veil his/her weakness in his/her academic discipline, while, on the other hand, Interdisciplinarity could be seen as a normative ethics whose goal is to educate people to responsibly find answer to their questions in the area of interdisciplinary knowledge.
Hamidreza Araste; Saeide Memari
Abstract
Islamic Republic of Iran is demanding to create a knowledge based society and a developed country by implementation of Development Plans and reaching the goals of the National Twenty Year Outlook Plan. This vital affair needs knowledge management in the universities and higher education centers. ...
Read More
Islamic Republic of Iran is demanding to create a knowledge based society and a developed country by implementation of Development Plans and reaching the goals of the National Twenty Year Outlook Plan. This vital affair needs knowledge management in the universities and higher education centers. Knowledge management is an approach that is stemmed from business sectors and is slowly accepted in the university environments for quality scientific activities’ improvements. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge management principal factors in the university setting. A graduate public university with 383 faculty members was selected. A total of 100 individuals participated in this study. A researcher-made questionnaire, including 49 closed and 3 opened questions was used as an information gathering instrument. Factor analysis is used to uncover the dimensions of knowledge management. Based on research findings, knowledge management principal factors at the sample university were creation(research), dissemination (teaching), applications (social services) and storage of knowledge.
Amir Hosein Khaleghi; Ali Asghar Pourezzat
Abstract
Following Kuhn's seminal work, "the structure of scientific revolution", challenging accumulation and progress in science, paradigm concept has been widely used in social science and popularized in scientific community. In this article, possibility of multi/meta paradigm approach in interdisciplinary ...
Read More
Following Kuhn's seminal work, "the structure of scientific revolution", challenging accumulation and progress in science, paradigm concept has been widely used in social science and popularized in scientific community. In this article, possibility of multi/meta paradigm approach in interdisciplinary studies is sought. Reviewing different perspectives to paradigms including paradigm incommensurability, possibility of dialogue between different paradigms, i.e. multi/meta paradigm approach, is examined. The enquiry is comparative-descriptive and critically scrutinizes previous writings in the area. Eventually, it will be shown that a major problem in literature on paradigm is loose application of the term. Taking into account the context of application, Vagueness can be reduced. Furthermore, Multi/Meta paradigm approach is paradoxical and ignores the essential characteristic of paradigm. in interdisciplinary studies, multiple paradigms cannot be used simultaneously.
Maghsood Farasatkhah
Abstract
Interdisciplinarity is a sign of crisis in traditional approaches to the science, conventional models of planning and curriculum, and customary academic departments. The aim of this article is contextualizing of interdisciplinarization, its driving forces, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities and ...
Read More
Interdisciplinarity is a sign of crisis in traditional approaches to the science, conventional models of planning and curriculum, and customary academic departments. The aim of this article is contextualizing of interdisciplinarization, its driving forces, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities and requirements; emphasizing the planning in higher education .The research method is qualitative meta-analysis. Eight factors have been studied as following: 1.functional and structural changes in science, 2.paradigmic evolutions, 3.changing information and communication technologies, 4.change of external expectations in science, 5.changes caused by demand pull, 6.globalization, 7.institutional changes and 8.technology factor. Capabilities and limitations of disciplinarily and Interdisciplinarity have been compared. Frontier science is a forerunner approach for developing the social world based on the knowledge, and this is not possible without interdisciplinarity paradigm and network view. In spite of that interdisciplinary fields have many efficiencies, we ought to be considerate in it due to its vulnerabilities. Seven strategic requirements for educational and research activities together with their executive mechanism have been found. Finally the interdisciplinarization need to a complex approach in the philosophy of science that synthesizes differences and similarities of the sciences.
Gholamhosein Khorshidi; Shiva Pishgahi
Abstract
Development of interdisciplinary sciences is a multidimensional issue, thus paying attention to the mechanism, capacities and obstacles for realization of developing these sciences is a complicated task to be done. Generalizing this matter is not possible and mentioning some topics is the only thing ...
Read More
Development of interdisciplinary sciences is a multidimensional issue, thus paying attention to the mechanism, capacities and obstacles for realization of developing these sciences is a complicated task to be done. Generalizing this matter is not possible and mentioning some topics is the only thing to do as it is not common among all sciences whatever is proposed in this scope. And even the possessed in common increases in a specific area, there happen the differences case by case. These complexities deepen widely while the interdisciplinary sciences are the result of two or more different areas ‘likeness. In this study it has been tried to investigate this matter in humanities. The term interdisciplinary is often used with prudence and is usually substituted by the terms “multidisciplinary integration “and “interdisciplinary integration” which in this study we try to use it prudently. It has been some decades that orientation course is dominated in worldwide campuses which focuses on proficiency and benefits and these are just the specialists or experts of a specific course who are allowed to study and theorize it. Because of complex societies and diversity of the issues, this method’s inefficiency has been revealed more in these recent years; and it is considered as the most important basis of interdisciplinary prevalence. Of course perception and better and more perfect recognition of phenomena are also a good motive for propagation of these studies. By the term interdisciplinary studies, the process of different scientific courses’ involving in replying a question, solving a problem or laying an issue is meant which is not possible to be studied by a certain major since it is so complicated. In efficient interdisciplinary studies each scientific major is used as a reliable source of information in scale. It is indeed a matrix-approach in different sciences’ utilization system, so these studies not only reach to new sciences by combination of information but also will provide a perfect perception of similarities and differences among majors. The difference in assumptions, points of views, procedures, language and technical terms of each major and cognitive obstacle in humans are the problems which limit the usage of these sciences. Here in this study the indication of importance and necessity of researchers’ extension in humanities and universities go first, then the concept of interdisciplinary researches and its conditions to be done is described(implementations’ obstacles of these studies and the ways to overcome them are proposed).
Kumars Irandoost
Abstract
Human social life in the twentieth century was transformed and Urbanization was the dominant life pattern. The emergence of large cities around the world was complex and diverse problems for human settlements, therefore Was necessary to establish some degree of order to the city to comprehensive study ...
Read More
Human social life in the twentieth century was transformed and Urbanization was the dominant life pattern. The emergence of large cities around the world was complex and diverse problems for human settlements, therefore Was necessary to establish some degree of order to the city to comprehensive study the urban complex problems. It is clear that geography is one of the pioneers in the field of urban research and education. Although a long-standing history of geography, As long as human life, but urban geography has a short history. Urban geography quickly grew and spread in short period, and became one of the most apply fields. At the same time, urban planning was formed and began its evolution, more rapidly than expected. Urban planning In the West and in developing countries to become an professional fields. Often there is consensus that urban geography and urban planning are both modern science and interdisciplinary nature, And clear links in their evolution. This paper is a descriptive and analytical approach by using written sources and texts for analysis and evolution of interdisciplinary nature of both. While the urban geography is its interdisciplinary nature, it has become part of the new urban planning discipline. Urban planning, by use of geography and other urban sciences, create a new interdisciplinary discipline. Urban planning create one integrate field from variety of applications to solve urban problems.
Hasan MahjoobEshratabadi; Emad Malekinia; Davoud Ghrone
Abstract
Interdisciplinary activities are frequently heralded as innovative and groundbreaking, a necessity for confronting the numerous social ,cultural and economic challenges facing higher education. This article considers the inherent conflict between the professoriate and the university structure related ...
Read More
Interdisciplinary activities are frequently heralded as innovative and groundbreaking, a necessity for confronting the numerous social ,cultural and economic challenges facing higher education. This article considers the inherent conflict between the professoriate and the university structure related to interdisciplinary. It concentrates on strategies that cultivate the sort of change necessary for interdisciplinary advancement. The article addresses the engagement of faculty with interdisciplinary efforts and the institutional support of such work as requiring a cultural change in institutional behavior. Cultivating interdisciplinary change requires attention to the multiple cultural layers the university comprises. One emphasis must be placed on the basic structure of academic work, the departments and colleges, where faculty members spend a majority of their time and intellectual resources. Another emphasis occurs at the institutional level, when the campus fosters a culture where interdisciplinary work is valued, encouraged, and supported. This article focuses on these facets of change and offer guidelines for engaging faculty in interdisciplinary endeavors.
Jalal Dorakhshah; Abasaleh Taghizade
Abstract
Question of methodology is an essential aspect of understanding the social. Often, it is a changed methodology that results in innovative conceptualization in the arena of social sciences. This essay is an attempt to delve into social scientific method of conceptualization. The main question posed is ...
Read More
Question of methodology is an essential aspect of understanding the social. Often, it is a changed methodology that results in innovative conceptualization in the arena of social sciences. This essay is an attempt to delve into social scientific method of conceptualization. The main question posed is how is an understanding of a concept achieved I. e. , how is it made meaningful to us? Fallowing late Wittgenstein, s ideas, the usually ignored methodology of conceptualization is discussed. Social scientists often do not define concepts properly and hence full into the linguistic caveat that can he called "conceptual reduction". Secondly, we have tried to introduce a new method and framework ''the phenomenological reduction'' that draws a new direction in investing meaning in new terminologies in social sciences. Last, this method is applied in the discussion of the concept of'' politics'' in the linguistic- conceptual network of Muslim thinkers.
S. A. Nabavi
Abstract
As a determinant factor in several socio-political events, Islamism has been considered as the focal point in variety of explorations. The present study suggests that to understand this complex and dynamic phenomena properly, it should be studied as an interdisciplinary concept; a motional one which ...
Read More
As a determinant factor in several socio-political events, Islamism has been considered as the focal point in variety of explorations. The present study suggests that to understand this complex and dynamic phenomena properly, it should be studied as an interdisciplinary concept; a motional one which moves throughout different social and human sciences’ boundaries and thus is not totally accessible within a special discipline. However, providing an opportunity to study the subject matter from various angels, the interdisciplinary approach to the subject helps to avoid reductionism and simplification. In order to obviate critiques emphasising on the methodological weakness of the interdisciplinary studies, it is possible to make critical discourse and debates from the point of view of different disciplines over the subject. This procedural understanding of the matter is a kind of hybridization in which not only all the participating disciplines save their own properties, but also the restrictions of their introspective approach might be overcome. The present study attempts to show that regardless of this interdisciplinary approach, any study on Islamism is improper, and even impossible.
Jabbar Rahmani
Abstract
Interdisciplinarity as a subject in science studies is regarding to the way that different sciences and their results are combined to reach a comprehensive understanding of scientific subjects. Interdisciplinarity is a solution to cross the hard boundaries of sciences and make them closer and relative ...
Read More
Interdisciplinarity as a subject in science studies is regarding to the way that different sciences and their results are combined to reach a comprehensive understanding of scientific subjects. Interdisciplinarity is a solution to cross the hard boundaries of sciences and make them closer and relative to each others. Disciplinarity has been the result of division among the sciences, and Interdisciplinarity is the way to solve the limitation of this division. Study of Culture as multi dimensional phenomena in human life required an interdisciplinary perspective. Anthropology as a science of human and culture formed in the historical situations that its founders and subjects came from other disciplines. In this paper I try to discuss from interdisciplinary perspective on the historical and theoretical framework of anthropology. As a result it is stated that interdisciplinary frameworks of anthropology originated from its beginnings and have continued till today. Finally these aspects characterize the study of culture as interdisciplinary field; anthropology among the social science can do this job in its best level.
Nematollah Mosapour
Abstract
Lifestyle is a phenomenon which provides beliefs, values,knowledge and interpersonal competencies in social-personal situations. Lifestyle makes the real part of human civilization; however it does not occur as a simple and linear. Crystallization of the inner human, means lifestyle, is seriously affected ...
Read More
Lifestyle is a phenomenon which provides beliefs, values,knowledge and interpersonal competencies in social-personal situations. Lifestyle makes the real part of human civilization; however it does not occur as a simple and linear. Crystallization of the inner human, means lifestyle, is seriously affected by the action’s position; time and location based on personal perception, which together form the context of the action. While religion makes the main basis of a religious person’s lifestyle, but the institutional actor is affected by the current realities of organization’s life and acts in terms of laws and requirements which resulted in different lifestyles. In confrontation between religious beliefs and institutional realities, three situations may consider including full conformity, partial conformity and non-conformity. In each of these forms a particular lifestyle based on the university condition may emerge, which is known as academic educators’ lifestyle. The importance of these forms is due to the effect of them on educational effectiveness of academic activities. The educator is not only a person with a personal lifestyle, but also is a “lifestyle learner” which it acts with a latent and indirect manner. If the implementation of “Modern Islamic Civilization” is important, and the “real part” of it, is made by people’s life context and visibly and invisibly is affected by educators’ manners in each society, therefore the explanation of academic educators’ practice is important since they are the main reference of lifestyle model for young.
Nematollah Fazeli
Abstract
This paper constitutes of two main sections: the first section examines academic disciplines in the world theoretically. This section deals with issues such as what are academic disciplines, how they emerged and evolved, what functions they have had, and finally, what problems and crisis they have in ...
Read More
This paper constitutes of two main sections: the first section examines academic disciplines in the world theoretically. This section deals with issues such as what are academic disciplines, how they emerged and evolved, what functions they have had, and finally, what problems and crisis they have in terms of their functions. The second section of the paper deals with the state of academic disciplines in Iran. To examine Iranian academic disciplines I have studied social and historical context of emergence and development of academic disciplines in Iran. I have also compared similarities and differences of academic disciplines functions in Iran and the west. Finally, I tried to explain Iranian academic disciplines encounter which challenges and difficulties today. This paper examines academic disciplines from sociological and cultural studies approach. It is mainly a theoretical and conceptual analysis of the state of discipline in the academic system. Cultural studies, as Moran (Moran 2001) explains, is a kind of approach rather than a specific discipline. From this point of view, each discipline has its own interdisciplinary field and cultural studies. In addition, cultural studies approach explains and explores social and political context disciplines.
Mohammad Sadiq Zahedi
Abstract
Improving applied science is one of the main goals in higher education policy, Todays. In the meantime, practicalization of theoretical sciences is difficult and complicated because dividing science into practical and theoretical, puts these two groups of sciences in front of each other. Although, Sciences ...
Read More
Improving applied science is one of the main goals in higher education policy, Todays. In the meantime, practicalization of theoretical sciences is difficult and complicated because dividing science into practical and theoretical, puts these two groups of sciences in front of each other. Although, Sciences like physics and chemistry have been divided into applied and theoretical since a long time, dividing philosophy into theoretical and applied philosophy has not been considered seriously. The term “Applied Philosophy” has been used by some philosophers recently and there are some centers working under this name, but teaching applied philosophy is not a powerful stream in higher education. In this paper by showing the difference between applied philosophy and what is traditionally called practical wisdom, I’m going to argue that Interdisciplinarity is one of the best ways of developing applied philosophy and introducing some fields it.
Reza Akbari Nouri
Abstract
The method is an essential and determining element in any action for being successful; among them, the method is of high importance in research and studying. In this respect, the study and research are not so important per se, as how it’s fulfilled. The present paper aims to introduce the general ...
Read More
The method is an essential and determining element in any action for being successful; among them, the method is of high importance in research and studying. In this respect, the study and research are not so important per se, as how it’s fulfilled. The present paper aims to introduce the general method with unlimited application in order to do the interdisciplinary research and study and also enumerate the analysis and usage of critical thinking to present it as a general method to fulfill the interdisciplinary study and research of Humanities.
Rahman Paryad; Yahya Marofi
Abstract
Human life and its new requirements have made the specialization of sciences a must. However, from the beginning thecategories of knowledge could not make a clear boundary among different fields of sciences. Extra specialization along with the ...
Read More
Human life and its new requirements have made the specialization of sciences a must. However, from the beginning thecategories of knowledge could not make a clear boundary among different fields of sciences. Extra specialization along with the complexity of science’s issues caused the spread of assimilation attitudes in production of knowledge. In the first part of the paper, the present situation of knowledge and need of unity among sciences will be explained. In the second part, the authorsbriefly explain the new patterns of knowledge are discussed. The final section of paper presents a model to emphasize onnecessities of unity of humanities disciplines.
B. Shabani Varaki; A. Babadi
Abstract
There are numerous kinds of definitions and discourses of conceptualization for the collaboration among disciplines. Examining a wide range of the related texts represents various, divergent and also contradictory discourses back to this up. Carefully and critically examining the common perception of ...
Read More
There are numerous kinds of definitions and discourses of conceptualization for the collaboration among disciplines. Examining a wide range of the related texts represents various, divergent and also contradictory discourses back to this up. Carefully and critically examining the common perception of collaboration among disciplines, in this paper, authors introduce an alternative so-called pluridisciplinary.rn rnAnd, it is argued that pluri-disciplinary could be considered as an umbrella term for all other modes of collaboration among disciplines including multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdiciplinary. It is also contended that unlike the conventional perception of collaborations between disciplines, epistemological and instrument rationales need to be seen as a continuous integration, so such a holistic approach will lead to a new so-called discipline; transdiciplinary. It is also articulated that there is a hierarchical relationship between disciplines in the alternative. In this paper, simple knowledge in pluridisciplinary studies will be replaced by super-complex knowledge, so called; trans-disciplinary, as a new-fashioned discipline, emerges.
A. Manoochehri
Abstract
Political thought is the kind of thinking which is formulated in different disciplines; political philosophy, political ideology, political theology, and political literature are some of its important examples. Although in the course of history political science was transformed to the “science ...
Read More
Political thought is the kind of thinking which is formulated in different disciplines; political philosophy, political ideology, political theology, and political literature are some of its important examples. Although in the course of history political science was transformed to the “science of power”, once again it has returned to its origins for articulating ways to achieve “good life” and “political thinking”. Considering this epistemic turn to ethics and the normative turn in the study of development and economics, benefiting from the practical implications of political thought seems to be a historical necessity. In the present article, first we discuss the main analyses and theories concerning the nature of political thought, and then a paradigmatic-implicative narrative is presented as an alternative for the interdisciplinary explanation of political thought.
Z. Siyamiyan Gorji; S. Moosavi Siyani
Abstract
History as a science has different functions in its individual, social and cultural senses that epistemologically support other paradigms in different fields of the humanities. This is a fact that by its turn poses serious challenges to the validity of history’s factual bases and its professional ...
Read More
History as a science has different functions in its individual, social and cultural senses that epistemologically support other paradigms in different fields of the humanities. This is a fact that by its turn poses serious challenges to the validity of history’s factual bases and its professional functions. Most philosophers and humanists have acknowledged the importance of history in its essential sense as the past, and historical knowledge as a unique instrument for knowing this past. Meanwhile, they have raised several basic questions that have challenged the very possibility of historical knowledge as a scientific discipline and the reliability of its results and findings. Since the time of Aristotle, these had been the main questions with which the minds of philosophers and historians have been concerned. This paper tries to examine this problem from a rather different point of view: it attempts to show that most of the historians who tried to give an answer to these questions suffered from a conceptual and theoretical deficiency. In other words, most historians failed to prepare an adequate theoretical framework that makes their answers scientifically acceptable. It also tries to shed new light on this matter by showing the possibilities which new developments in the field of humanities can offer historians to find new answers for these basic questions. Interdisciplinary interactions are among of these possibilities by which the historians can use the facts given in the field of epistemology to challenge the opponents of the scientificity of history. Using this option, historians will have the opportunity to show that their knowledge satisfies the criterion of validity in a contextual account of knowledge.
Interdisciplinary
A. A. Ghasemi; R. Emami Meibodi
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies can play a pivotal role in the growth and development of sciences, especially the humanities. In the present article, through semi-structured interviews with some experts and thinkers in Iran and the content analysis of their ideas, attempt is made to answer these questions: ...
Read More
Interdisciplinary studies can play a pivotal role in the growth and development of sciences, especially the humanities. In the present article, through semi-structured interviews with some experts and thinkers in Iran and the content analysis of their ideas, attempt is made to answer these questions: in the view of experts, what are the main obstacles to the development of humanities in Iran? And what role can interdisciplinary studies play in the development of humanities? The results of the study show that according to experts, “interdisciplinary development”, having the twelfth place among the sixteen important factors in the development of humanities, does not have a considerable effect on the development of humanities in Iran per se, and its efficacy depends on the existence of more important conditions, such as the provision of an open intellectual climate at universities and the independence of scientific community. The development of interdisciplinary studies can play a part in the development of humanities in Iran, only if it results in scientific synergy among experts in different disciplines of humanities, improves the scientific ability of professors, students and researchers, and makes humanities more applicable in society.
Interdisciplinary
A. Mohammadi Kalesar
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between structural narratology and interdisciplinary studies. We will try to answer two main questions: What factors have been effective in narratology’s orientation toward interdisciplinary studies? Is this tendency the result of a possibility ...
Read More
The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between structural narratology and interdisciplinary studies. We will try to answer two main questions: What factors have been effective in narratology’s orientation toward interdisciplinary studies? Is this tendency the result of a possibility in narration or a methodological necessity? The movement of narratology to interdisciplinary is observable not only in new narratological tendencies but also in changes in structural theories. Therefore, this article will trace the roots of this tendency in the revises and critiques of these theories until 1970s. By tracing these changes it can be realized that the theories of structural narrotology have broken with idea of independence and self-sufficiency of literature and embraced other disciplines. The main factors in these changes are: attention to cultural elements and reading process in the perception of narrative structure. These considerations have been accompanied by some results; first, the main targets of narratology changed from investigating textual properties to reading and understanding the narration process; second, some disciplines and fields related to culture and mind studies found their way into narratology.