H. Dadashpoor; A. Afaghpoor
Abstract
By reviewing the literature of spatial organization and analyzing urban systems as an interdisciplinary field, two different paradigms have been recognized: size-based and network-based paradigms. The first one relies on the definition of urban system as a collection of nodes (urban settlements) organized ...
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By reviewing the literature of spatial organization and analyzing urban systems as an interdisciplinary field, two different paradigms have been recognized: size-based and network-based paradigms. The first one relies on the definition of urban system as a collection of nodes (urban settlements) organized based on their internal attributes. This paradigm, while ignoring interaction among them, focuses on the concentration of activities or functions in nodes. In the last few decades and with the emergence of the system approach, defined as “an interdependent national or regional set of cities” as a system, considerable attention has been paid to investigating reciprocal interurban relationships. In this period, the element of interaction became more important in the description of urban systems. Following this, since the position of a given city in the urban system is a function of interurban flows, it is affected by the relationship with others. This approach considers the interurban relationship as horizontal and non-local interactions, which are features of service economies versus industrial economies. Thus, to understand and apply these approaches, first, the theoretical literature on space organization in urban systems and its evolution were reviewed; then, the new dominant theoretical and epistemological rationality, with its attributes and components, was explained, compared and categorized in order to develop new insights for operational research. This article is fundamental in its objective, and has employed descriptive methodology based on contextual data to do a comparative study of theoretical content and ontological basics of traditional approaches versus new ones.
Interdisciplinary
M. M. Shah Abadi; A. A. Pourezzat
Abstract
It is about forty years that some of Iran’s policy makers and experts in social and human sciences are of the opinion that there should be an evolution in humanities. They are of the view that principles and basic assumptions of current humanities are in conflict with Islamic framework and consequently ...
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It is about forty years that some of Iran’s policy makers and experts in social and human sciences are of the opinion that there should be an evolution in humanities. They are of the view that principles and basic assumptions of current humanities are in conflict with Islamic framework and consequently these doctrines are not appropriate to address local issues of Islamic countries. Since the Islamic Revolution of Iran of 1979, any change in these doctrines has been a matter of debate. But we need a new plan for making a change in our policies. Applying interdisciplinary approach permit us to find a new way for policy making in society. History is full of lessons to guide us in our present situations. Therefore, by taking into account, the sociology of science and issues of policy-making, we study the Translation Movement. This article shows the transfer and transformation of Greek philosophy to Islamic philosophy in 7- 10 A.D. in Islamic civilization and also proposes an alternative approach for the policy makers. We identify actors of transferring knowledge, scientific translators and the Abbasid State. Research model of this paper has been chosen from the sociology of science and also makes use of "Implication Research Methodology” with regard to history. Our suggestion is "Transformational Translation (Transforlation) " that includes selecting best texts, translations, correction, explanation, criticism and innovation. Accordingly, policies should be revised after identifying discipline on Transforlation Chain and structures and human resources have to be formalized on the basis of revised policies.
Interdisciplinary
F. Daneshvar
Abstract
The interaction between law and ideology is both complex and contentious. This stems from differences in opinions on the definitions of the two concepts and the various ways in which ideology and law might be related to one another. Moreover, the existing diversity in the literature concerning ideology ...
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The interaction between law and ideology is both complex and contentious. This stems from differences in opinions on the definitions of the two concepts and the various ways in which ideology and law might be related to one another. Moreover, the existing diversity in the literature concerning ideology takes the biggest share of the blame. Hence, to clarify the relationship between ideology and law, one must first do an interdisciplinary study of the existing approaches towards the concept of ideology, as well as its general and specific definitions, and ultimately, the selected definition of ideology must be presented. The theories regarding the relationship between ideology and law may be divided into three categories, namely, autonomy of law, subordination of law to the ideology, and the influence of ideology. Interdisciplinary studies show that the first theory has not been successful in proving the autonomy of law. Likewise, the second theory has failed to address and respond to substantial issues as to its claims. Lastly, the influence of ideology theory has failed to deal with how ideology has been reciprocally affected by law. Nevertheless, the idea advocating the reciprocal relationship between law and ideology, while assuming a particular meaning of ideology, has drawn our attention to the importance of political and sociological factors in understanding law, highlighting the role of law in changes in the prevailing political culture and the dominant ideology in the society.
Interdisciplinary
N. Fazeli; F. Koushki
Abstract
The fundamental change in language research, which started with Saussure in the early twentieth century and led to the establishment of modern linguistics, restricted the said research within the so-called central part of language, i. e., the language system, without taking into consideration anything ...
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The fundamental change in language research, which started with Saussure in the early twentieth century and led to the establishment of modern linguistics, restricted the said research within the so-called central part of language, i. e., the language system, without taking into consideration anything that was conceived as external to language as an autonomous system. In terms of its clearly-defined theoretical structure and subject, modern linguistics once again became an influential leading discipline in the humanities and social sciences. It achieved a great deal, but its achievements took place at the cost of isolating language from its environment and excluding the user of language and the context in which language is used from the scope of linguistic analysis. Although this stance has long been criticized by scholars who prefer to see language within a more extended context, it has generally been ignored by mainstream linguists who dominate linguistic circles. However, in the last few decades of the twentieth century, significant changes have taken place in linguistic studies. These changes have brought about a new era, the era of ″post-modern linguistics″, in which the theoretical foundations of modern linguistics are problematized and the way language is viewed and investigated is profoundly renewed. This article is written in a narrative form describing the linguistic change from modernism to postmodernism and in the course of this review it will become clear in which research perspective the two main linguistics directions (theoretical and applied) are located: disciplinary interdisciplinary and transdisiplinary? In other words what is the object of linguistics research?
Interdisciplinary
H. Dadashpoor; N. Alvandipour
Abstract
Spatial justice is the ultimate goal for human society and one of the main purposes of urban planning. In its most general sense, it has been accepted with significant popularity among the experts and scholars throughout history. The result is a massive collection of various theories based on the concept ...
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Spatial justice is the ultimate goal for human society and one of the main purposes of urban planning. In its most general sense, it has been accepted with significant popularity among the experts and scholars throughout history. The result is a massive collection of various theories based on the concept of justice in the city. However, due to the interdisciplinary nature of justice, sometimes the implementations of this concept as well as its definitions and explanations do not agree or even they may contradict.Therefore, defining a conceptual typology and clarifying the theoretical route of justice urban theories are the main aims of this paper. To do this, we use systematic review of justice based theories in urban planning and utilize Allmendinger mete-theory framework with five broad categories. Besides defining the framework, it also provides opportunity for theorizing in this field. The present article attempts to explain the essence of justice urban planning theories. In this regard, methods such as Systematic Review, secondary study and typology as quality research strategies are used to collect and analyze the data. Typology study helps the better understanding of this interdisciplinary concept. Therefore, by reviewing all typology of planning theory, justice urban planning theories have been explained, based on the selected one. At the end, this article presents a conceptual frameworkfor better and more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of the principle of justice in urban planning.
Future Studies of Higher Education
M. Shirvani; M.R. Eivazi; H. Ghasemi
Abstract
The emergence of the trans-disciplinary of futures studies after World War II put aside prophet-like fortune-telling and predictions. This trans-disciplinary, having undergone ups and downs during the recent decades, always tried to provide some scientific propositions about the future. Among these, ...
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The emergence of the trans-disciplinary of futures studies after World War II put aside prophet-like fortune-telling and predictions. This trans-disciplinary, having undergone ups and downs during the recent decades, always tried to provide some scientific propositions about the future. Among these, different approaches and concepts were proposed in the field of futures studies, and each despite commonalities has specific futures and distinctions. One of these most important concepts is the concept of strategic foresight. This paper aims at exploring the quiddity of this concept. First, the significance and position of the strategic foresight in futures studies was defined and delineated, and then the interdisciplinary identity of this concept and its epistemological basis were analyzed. The findings indicated that strategic foresight as an interdisciplinary is progressing, and unlike some other, approaches of futures studies were not associated with failure and decline. This interdisciplinary benefits from some kind of inter-paradigm rationality, and consistent with its features it can be highly efficient in different contexts of long-term planning of the country, especially in economy. Finally, some suggestions were made to pay more attention to and apply strategic foresight in the country.
Interdisciplinary
T. Miremadi
Abstract
Here we present an overview of the theoretical evolution of the field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) research and its implications on the progressive evolution from a single discipline of Neo-classical economics to an interdisciplinary research field with critical and reflective ...
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Here we present an overview of the theoretical evolution of the field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) research and its implications on the progressive evolution from a single discipline of Neo-classical economics to an interdisciplinary research field with critical and reflective capacity. Research field can be more empowering to offer relevant policy if the integration among the involved disciplines is higher. This overview will help in determining if different paradigmatic turns this field has gone through, during the last 60 years, has prepared the field to offer more salient policy advice to the policymakers for the complex problems. The research unit is "research program" that each theoretical paradigm developed around the notion of "Failure" which justifies the public intervention in STIP space. Drawing on Klein–Welsh classification, the conceptual model was constructed on Fritsch technological instrumentalism-McCarthy's technological essentialism. The findings of this study are: First, this research field has gone through two significant paradigmatic shifts; from instrumentalism to technological essentialism of evolutionary economics and now to interactionism of multi-level perspective approach. Second, these two turns have increased the complexity of the level of analysis, the integrated disciplines and the level of integration within the field. Based on the conceptual framework, the study concludes that the field of STIP is emerging more integrated at the level of its foundations and by being more reflective and critical. It has increased its power to provide more relevant policy prescriptions for wicked problems.
Interdisciplinary
ghasem darzi
Abstract
Analogy and metaphor are among figures of speech and play an important role in explaining the complexity. Even though metaphors often are considered among figures of speech but in recent modern years have been used in Scientific discoveries. So we could consider metaphors as a key instrument for removing ...
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Analogy and metaphor are among figures of speech and play an important role in explaining the complexity. Even though metaphors often are considered among figures of speech but in recent modern years have been used in Scientific discoveries. So we could consider metaphors as a key instrument for removing ambiguity of complex Phenomena. Complexity is a fundamental Criterion in interdisciplinary studies. So metaphors are very efficient in resolving complexity of interdisciplinary problems. We found six metaphors, as follows, with specific functions in interdisciplinary process: Crossing boundaries, Bridge building, Restructuring, Mapping, Archipelago, and Bilingualism. The four main applications of these metaphors are: 1) Explaining the general meaning of interdisciplinarity; 2) Defining the quality of interaction of disciplines; 3) Determining how to set up a dialogue between disciplines; And 4) Supporting to extract interdisciplinary issues and problems and Research program. With this four applicants we could claim that metaphors are useful instruments throughout the interdisciplinary process.
A. Rostamiaan; Gh. Mohammadi Elyasi; M. Amiry; K. Sakhdari
Abstract
This study attempts to present a typology of entrepreneurial identity on the basis of a Habermasian critical approach. To this end, four dimensions of a conceptual framework for a typology of entrepreneurial identity is designated constructed on the duality of emancipatory/instrumental rationality and ...
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This study attempts to present a typology of entrepreneurial identity on the basis of a Habermasian critical approach. To this end, four dimensions of a conceptual framework for a typology of entrepreneurial identity is designated constructed on the duality of emancipatory/instrumental rationality and the duality of individualism/collectivism. Accordingly, four types of entrepreneurial identities are presented: freedom-seeker, independency-seeker, and order-seeker and self-interested. Through a critical appraisal of the role of these identity types in identification of different forms of entrepreneurship, four types of entrepreneurship are introduced in accordance with each identity type: public entrepreneurship, lifestyle entrepreneurship, bureaucratic entrepreneurship, and commercial entrepreneurship. In addition to enriching entrepreneurial identity studies through demonstrating the role of rationality and judgment towards society in the formation of different entrepreneurial identities, this study, relying on fundamental concepts of critical theory, is an inspirational step towards promoting the interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship theory.
Interdisciplinary
A. Motamedi; M. Yamani Doozi Sorkhabi; A. Khorsandi Taskoh; M. Arefi
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research has been developing dramatically in the recent two decades. Reviewing the related literature shows that such research is very important in terms of its methodology and typology. This study aims to compare, describe, and determine different categories of interdisciplinary research ...
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Interdisciplinary research has been developing dramatically in the recent two decades. Reviewing the related literature shows that such research is very important in terms of its methodology and typology. This study aims to compare, describe, and determine different categories of interdisciplinary research considering their historical trends through a documentary research approach in a way other than the ones which have been done so far. This research applies a genealogical perspective to find roots of different categorizations of interdisciplinary research despite all the existing consistency and inconsistency. It also seeks to propose a new dialogue in this regard. The study indicates an overlap between different categories of research. In addition, interdisciplinary research along with changes in the role of universities has emphasized on a structural-practical categorization rather than a structural one in the late 20th century till recent decades. In the same way, the nature of knowledge has changed from an academic one to a post-academic one.
M.B. Khoramshad; F. Souri
Abstract
In this paper, we try to examine the relationship between the three concepts of institutional trust, university, and political socialization. Institutional trust is one of the most important assets and needs of each institution to advance its functions. On the other hand, one of the most important functions ...
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In this paper, we try to examine the relationship between the three concepts of institutional trust, university, and political socialization. Institutional trust is one of the most important assets and needs of each institution to advance its functions. On the other hand, one of the most important functions of written and non-written of public universities in the Islamic Republic of Iran is to influence the process of political socialization of their main audience, students. The main issue of this article is that institutional trust as the most important indicator of social capital has a significant effect on the political socialization of undergraduate students at Tehran's public universities as a statistical society of this research. Postulating the theory of Robert Putnam on the concept of social capital, this article propounds this hypothesis that political socialization in every society carried out mainly through state institutions and the amount of citizen's trust to state institutions, which is called institutional trust and is one of the most important elements of social capital, is very important in the implementation process and the effectiveness of political socialization. Study of statistical findings in the case study of this study showed that with increasing institutional trust in public universities in Tehran, their effectiveness in increasing the political socialization of undergraduate students increase.
S.A. Hosseini Beheshti
Abstract
The Idea of citizenship and the related rights and duties is at the heart of the basics of the modern state and its formation, with its very influential role on the legal structures and processes of decision-making of democratic regimes. The Charter on Citizens’ Rights, published by the government ...
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The Idea of citizenship and the related rights and duties is at the heart of the basics of the modern state and its formation, with its very influential role on the legal structures and processes of decision-making of democratic regimes. The Charter on Citizens’ Rights, published by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, confirms and clarifies the rights and duties of the citizens, and notified them to all governmental offices. Here I critically evaluate the contents of the Charter by using a multidisciplinary approach, showing its strengths and weaknesses for further revisions. In what follows, I offer a review of the history of the development of the idea of citizenship and its philosophical foundations in the first section. The second section is concerned with presenting very briefly the three main approaches to citizenship, i.e. the liberal, communitarian and republican, and their ethical, political, philosophical and sociological dimensions. The final section focused on the evaluation of some of the main themes of the Charter, following by some suggestions for further consideration.
Interdisciplinary
Gh. Darzi
Abstract
Interdiaciplinarity is one of the most significant phenomena of our time, but it is not an easy task to come up with a coherent and precise definition. Evidently,the reason is the wide variety of opinion among the experts in this field. A historical approach toward the most practical definitions of interdisciplinarity ...
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Interdiaciplinarity is one of the most significant phenomena of our time, but it is not an easy task to come up with a coherent and precise definition. Evidently,the reason is the wide variety of opinion among the experts in this field. A historical approach toward the most practical definitions of interdisciplinarity and its different types can be very advantageous in this regard. The present research has aimed to show that that , in its early stage, interdiscipllinarity was merely an idealistic concept which was related to the development of 'unified science'. However, the more we move to the present time, the more tangible problems from the world outside we can deal with. Three main insights into the concept of interdisciplinary are based on "Epistemic breaches", "degree of integration", and "the purpose of interdisciplinary research" and illustrate the afore-said conceptual transition. In the latter type, interdisciplinary researches are observed on the basis of their applicability. In the first two types, however, epistemological and knowledge-related issues are at stake. The most recent concept of "Transdisciplinarity" is also entirely based on the degree of applicability and locality of the issues in question. In the first type, we will face "crossing the boundaries of knowledge" and in the second one, we will "cross the field of knowledge". Among these terms, "multidisciplinary" has been far less controversial and there is a relatively good agreement on it. In this way, the co-operation of the disciplines is minimal.
Interdisciplinary
M. Bahrani
Abstract
The interdisciplinary approach is a post-development approach. It introduces the idea-norm of responsibility as the teleost of education and research. Without this inter-teleos, all the modern values would be in risk of corruption. But the responsibility itself has limitations. The phenomenological hermeneutics ...
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The interdisciplinary approach is a post-development approach. It introduces the idea-norm of responsibility as the teleost of education and research. Without this inter-teleos, all the modern values would be in risk of corruption. But the responsibility itself has limitations. The phenomenological hermeneutics repairs and rectifies these limitations. By amending the inadequacy of responsibility in the interdisciplinary approach, we will be able not to act violently, doing less crimination, exploitation and harming the environment. For us, as people involving in the development process and democratization, to be responsible and to do interdisciplinary is a demanding and troublesome task of all disciplinary contributions. Only by an aggregation of knowledge and morality we can do Interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity begins with promotion and flourishing the self, and flourishing the self needs rationality and criticism. In this research I argue that we need a phenomenological approach toward Interdisciplinarity, so the critiques and condemnations heretofore raised against the positive approach toward it diminish and the interdisciplinary collusion not occurs again.
M. Mehrmohammadi
Abstract
Perhaps, the world, in recent decades, has not experienced a more bitter, frightening, and deadly event than the outbreak of the Coronavirus or Covid-19. This pandemic, on the other hand, has also left positive traces on human life and, therefore, should not be considered as a threat, loss and a catastrophe ...
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Perhaps, the world, in recent decades, has not experienced a more bitter, frightening, and deadly event than the outbreak of the Coronavirus or Covid-19. This pandemic, on the other hand, has also left positive traces on human life and, therefore, should not be considered as a threat, loss and a catastrophe altogether. As soon as these two aspects of this phenomenon are acknowledged, it opens the way to scholarly researches of all sorts in this area. The macro question that needs to be addressed is what kind of destructive and constructive impacts Covid-19 has had on human beings or how it will affect life in both directions in the future? On the other hand, the scope of influence of this phenomenon is so wide that it has captured the attention of thinkers and researchers from a wide realm of academic fields and will continue to do so. In other words, the aforementioned macro question must be translated into various micro questions specific to different fields of scholarly endeavor in order to direct the actions taken within that field. When it comes to diverse fields of knowledge influenced by coronavirus pandemic, disciplines such as education (both public and higher), economics, psychology, and mental health might come to the mind first. But it certainly has a much broader and more serious scope of reach, including theology, philosophy, sociology, law, and even politics and international relations. Interestingly, the spring of 2020 issue of The Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities Quarterly, the first issue of two thematic issues devoted to corona virus, is being published at a time when the world is witnessing a political turmoil in the United States in the run up to the presidential election there. If we want to give an example about the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on the political arena, the best, the newest and perhaps the most important will be the outcome of the 2020 US presidential election. Trump's defeat and his ouster from office, for many observers and analysts, have been influenced by the way he dealt with Covid-19. In other words, a successful management and less mortality rate due to this phenomenon could have significantly increased his chances of re-election. His political rival beat the drum louder and louder, perhaps overstating his weakness in handling the situation and reaped the benefits of gaining power. In international relations domain, too, the situation caused by the coronavirus outbreak raises various hypotheses, including it’s paving the way for positive, empathetic and justice-oriented initiatives, on the one hand, and events of domination and threatening peaceful intentions, on the other, and they all deserve the attention of researchers in this field. In any case, as the chief editor I must admit that the coronavirus pandemic has provided an opportunity for The Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities Quarterly to invite researchers and thinkers in various academic fields to reflect their views in this noble and, of course, interdisciplinary issue. As it was mentioned, by dedicating two special issues to this crisis, we have turned the quarterly into one of the platforms that tried its best to stimulate meaningful efforts to meet one of the urgent needs of our society. Fortunately, this decision has met with widespread approval by the scientific community, and thus, has made remarkable resources available to the quarterly’s educated audience. This achievement was primarily due to a wise policy adopted by the quarterly’s editorial board to publish two special issues related to this crisis. But I must also thank Professor Nematullah Fazeli who accepted the editorial board’s invitation to shoulder the responsibility of acting as guest editor for these issues and bring the work to its conclusion with competence in an efficient manner. I am hopeful that this collection, for its part, strengthen the link between the country's policy-making bodies and centers of knowledge at various levels and help increase the intellectual quality and effectiveness of decisions made.
COVID-19 Crisis
M. Khalili
Abstract
Corona, like some Greek words, has two meanings; both the crown and the aura. It is now worldly/pandemic and has become the crown of the world and has swallowed everything in its aura. Disease of Covid-19 has put the world on the brink; as far as the pre-Corona and post-Corona world is spoken of as two ...
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Corona, like some Greek words, has two meanings; both the crown and the aura. It is now worldly/pandemic and has become the crown of the world and has swallowed everything in its aura. Disease of Covid-19 has put the world on the brink; as far as the pre-Corona and post-Corona world is spoken of as two very different worlds. Corona reveals the boundary position of the present world; Without having already reached a consensus on it. The Corona is crucial moment; it means the terrifying collapse of time and space full of bandits, without a pre-arranged plan to confront them. The signs of a changing world had long since become apparent when the global village was spoken of; but there was no agreement on the themes and ways of collective life in the globalized world. The author, by accepting the presupposition (the foundation of human collective life based on the dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis) and by considering the approach of political history and using the method of history-bond explanation, has tried to justify the idea that the Corona as a turning point cause the human society needs to a new social contract. If in 1648, Münster of Westphalia, was the end of the war and the beginning of a collective agreement; Wuhan of 2019 marks the beginning of the battle for globalized humanity to step into the path of a new agreement for a new treaty.
M. Molavvani; A. Esfandyari Moghaddam; M. Hasanzadeh; B. Bayat; H. Dezfoulian
Policy-making in Science and Technology
H. Atapour; A. Hamdipour; P. Akbarzadeh
Abstract
The paper intends to investigate the viewpoints of faculty members of the University of Tabriz toward the social impact of their researches. We applied a survey method for the data collection, with the research population being academic staff, of which, 20% were selected using stratified quota sampling ...
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The paper intends to investigate the viewpoints of faculty members of the University of Tabriz toward the social impact of their researches. We applied a survey method for the data collection, with the research population being academic staff, of which, 20% were selected using stratified quota sampling method. As a whole, 153 faculty members of the University of Tabriz participated in this study. The results showed that the mean score of the self-assessment of the participating faculties was 8.72 and the mean of the research population was between 8.29 and 9.15 intervals with 95% confidence, which is the middle range of achievable scores. The self-assessment of major departments toward social impact has had a significant difference. It was found that "industry", "environment", "education", "policy and policy making" and "agriculture" are potential areas for the aforementioned faculties. Results also showed the higher the number of research contracts of faculty members with other organizations, the higher their self-assessment toward the social impact of their researches. Furthermore, some faculties having a working relationship with other organizations could assess the social impact of their researches more than those lacking such relationship. As such it was found that, encouraging the faculties to have working relationship and research contracts with other organizations could increase their attitude toward social impact. In other words, making them more engaged with real issues, including social could increase the impact of their researches.
Innovation and Technology
M. Deylam Salehi; A. Pourezzat; M. Amiri; M. Ghasemi Shushdeh
Abstract
The budget or financial plan, as one of the most important tools of the policy-making system and a vital lifeline of the government, has greater impact on directing the future course of a country. It can stimulate the knowledge-based economy and cause the growth and development of the biotechnology sector ...
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The budget or financial plan, as one of the most important tools of the policy-making system and a vital lifeline of the government, has greater impact on directing the future course of a country. It can stimulate the knowledge-based economy and cause the growth and development of the biotechnology sector as one of the top innovations of the present century. The present study is an attempt to investigate and find the coordinates and features of an appropriate budget policy for developing biotechnology in the country. With a combined approach framework, this article uses an analytical method and determines the proposed features through interviews with policy-making, budgeting, and biotechnological experts. Utmost, the components of an appropriate budget policy were extracted in 16 main categories: national division of labor, institutional structural reform, strengthening the biotechnology development center, reforming laws and regulations, reforming the law to protect knowledge-based companies, establishing stability and consistency in laws, reforming the country's budget structure, strengthening the pyramidal role of budget, reforming budgeting methods, operational budgeting, reforming the country's research budget, reforming financial safeguard models, reforming commanding phases, information technology infrastructure, adherence to budget principles, and monitoring of credits spending.
COVID-19 Crisis
M.S. Zokaei; S. Veisi
Abstract
The emotional structure of every society forms the dynamic cultural part of that society. Despite the profound and pervasive effects of these emotional networks on the social context and daily interactions, a systematic and analytical study of on structure of society's emotions is performed rarely in ...
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The emotional structure of every society forms the dynamic cultural part of that society. Despite the profound and pervasive effects of these emotional networks on the social context and daily interactions, a systematic and analytical study of on structure of society's emotions is performed rarely in the Iranian social sciences space. Over the past few months, the coronavirus pandemic has had significant effects on the emotional structure of the Iranian society, especially the two emotions of hope and anxiety. Cyberspace is a continuation of real space that well depicts these changes. Relying on virtual ethnography, semiotics and thematic analysis, the present paper shows that the spread of the Coronavirus, in cyberspace more than ever and in the continuation real emotional structures of society has put collective hope against public hope. Based on the results, criticism has tended towards utopian optimism as well as the carnivalization of space. Nevertheless, there are traces of agentic hope, which, of course, sometimes lead to deviation in that space. Anxiety, as an emotion that is inversely related to hope, and especially collective hope, has increased dramatically with the rise of the coronavirus pandemic. Since the increase in structural anxieties does not lead to agentic hope, it has added to frustrations and boredom and existential anxiety. Even the transformation of existential anxiety into visual once has not been able to reduce its severity. Eventually, the anxiety out of corona becomes an abomination to all members of the society and then increases it further.
Educational Management
S. Ebrahimi Koushk Mahdi; M.R. Ahanchian; R. Hosseingholizadeh
Abstract
The debate over theory and theorizing in educational administration has been an old and persistent challenge. Although many experts view the educational administration field as interdisciplinary and integrated, the epistemological foundations and detection of its interdisciplinary nature and classification ...
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The debate over theory and theorizing in educational administration has been an old and persistent challenge. Although many experts view the educational administration field as interdisciplinary and integrated, the epistemological foundations and detection of its interdisciplinary nature and classification in education administration that lead to a validation theory in this field has been rarely studied. Considering the single-discipline and interdisciplinary macro approaches in the production of science, an attempt of theorizing actually focuses on the interdisciplinary approach in terms of diversity of integrated types and their diversified performances. Using an analytical-inferential approach, the present study identifies the current condition of "theorizing" in educational administration after identifying and introducing the interdisciplinary evaluation criteria in three forms of multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary. And through analyzing a typical theory entitled "school as a social system" in educational administration, its natural and inevitable processes in the future have been investigated. The findings indicate that theorizing in educational administration studies is on the verge of transition from a single-discipline approach to multidisciplinary types. This way, the evolution of theorizing is predictable by diverging from a multidisciplinary to an interdisciplinary type.
Social Sciences
H. Zargham Boroujeni; F. Farokhian
Abstract
The utopia promised by the modern age has not arrived, man, as a response to his failure in realizing modernism's ideals, attempted to create a parallel virtual world. Living in this virtual parallel world resulted in creation of billions of digital footprints in a fraction of a second and the emergence ...
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The utopia promised by the modern age has not arrived, man, as a response to his failure in realizing modernism's ideals, attempted to create a parallel virtual world. Living in this virtual parallel world resulted in creation of billions of digital footprints in a fraction of a second and the emergence of Big Data. Following the transformation in human social life and social researchers' better access to complex social realities in the presence of Big Data, a fundamental shift in the current social research landscape is required. One of the biggest concerns of today's scientific community is revolving around this shift, they wonder to what degree the traditional scientific method might still be relevant in the era of Big Data. Are we on the verge of a paradigm shift in social science? Has theory, as the building block of the modern science, reached its end? This study seeks to answer these two fundamental questions with an interdisciplinary approach in mind, through systematic review of scientific documents published in the period of 2009-2021, several relevant studies across the philosophy of science and data and social science disciplines have been identified and reviewed. After critically reviewing the ongoing scholarly debate, this study argues against the claim that Big Data is the end of theory in science and conclude that Big Data inherently transforms social science research and a transition to a new paradigm is under way.
Social Sciences
S. Veisi; M.S. Zokaei; A. Entezari
Abstract
Justice is one of the most important issues in Iranian society. The main issue of the present study is epistemic justice and the gap between its definitions in everyday life and policy making domains. For that matter, we purposefully selected the pages of young users on social media networks of Instagram, ...
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Justice is one of the most important issues in Iranian society. The main issue of the present study is epistemic justice and the gap between its definitions in everyday life and policy making domains. For that matter, we purposefully selected the pages of young users on social media networks of Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Telegram and then conducted their virtual ethnographic, thematic and semiotic analyses. Thereafter, policymaking texts were thematically analyzed, as well. While the findings of cyberspace confirmed the existence of hermeneutical (epistemic) injustice; we saw two types of otherization in space where the first is elitist and the second is based on reading of the dominant discourse of being the criterion that people are trying to confront with. The consequences of these otherizations include the contrast between official rulings and opinions of the people, the polarization of the society, being voiceless and probelmatization of difference. Epistemic justice at both national and transnational levels that are connected to each other manifested itself in the data. A review of relevant policy documents confirms the lack of opportunities for youth participation in macro decision-making, inattention to different lifestyles, otherization, pathological attitudes and policing and judicialization of issues. It seems that by eliminating the shortcomings of existing programs and operationalizing them, taking advantage of the academic capacity of universities and moving from abyssal thinking through radical plurality and de-linking, we can see the elimination of epistemic injustice, especially among the youth.
Future Studies of Higher Education
M. Farasatkhah
Abstract
udent of higher education and before taking this auspicious office, I would like to share my thoughts with a brief introduction in six paragraphs followed by a short statement on the evolution of the climate of knowledge and higher education. INTRODUCTION First, future studies in Iran’s ...
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udent of higher education and before taking this auspicious office, I would like to share my thoughts with a brief introduction in six paragraphs followed by a short statement on the evolution of the climate of knowledge and higher education. INTRODUCTION First, future studies in Iran’s higher education is a "research program" which like any other research program, expands and develops over time and that in addition to epistemological significance also has emotional value for researchers and audience. This happens when both researchers and readers want to know it well that what matters them the most. This is something that has become meaningless to us and we don't have any excitement about it, hence; maybe it doesn't really matter much whether it will have a future or not? And if so, then what kind of future will it have? Therefore, it is necessary for us to be sensitive on the issue whether higher education in Iran still has supporters and beneficiaries who consider it as cognitively and emotionally important in a sense that their hearts beat for its future and know what possibilities lie ahead of their most favored higher education? Second, the future research in Iran, including its higher education, is important when we have spatial attachment to this land. As such, we must gather all our sensitivities so that our deep attachment to this water and soil, including its knowledge-acquiring centers, universities, and higher education, remain relevant to the extent that we will constantly want to pursue the study for the future of the motherland, the flow of life as well as the flow of learning and knowledge creation in it. Third, another possible condition for the future research in Iran’s higher education is that we must have this noble sense of self-efficacy that we are still serious actors of the present and the future of this land, that is, the thought of agency and activity remains with us. The Iranian researcher is motivated to the future study of higher education when his mind is still opulent. Let us not fall to the bottom and into mental and emotional fatigue. Can we expect from an old mind to sit and think about his future! Fourth, scientific enthusiasm, research spirit and discovery are among high-level needs and a sense of human self-actualization that according to Inglehart, are most needed. When human values cast a shadow on behavior, they often want to pull their rug out of the water and keep themselves afloat. Serious studies, especially future studies, cannot be expected in such circumstances. If that is the state of the present situation, there is no room for thinking about the future, whether research or higher education. Fifth, every nation needs its own story. People who have a story as well as civilizational and cultural memory, the same can become a great source of the continuity of a nation's history and lineage and makes them sensitive towards their future. When we have Gendi Shapur, Baytul-Hikmeh, Khwarazmi and Biruni in our memory, we are also curious about the future of our history. At the same time, clinging too much to ideologies built from the past can dominate our environment and relationships in the form of false knowledge, and lead to a closed identity and prevent us from thinking about change and building the future. A large part of future research is based on the spirit of transformation and scenario of "alternative thinking". Future research will be meaningful when our identity search is open and inclined to new and different experiences. Sixth, the future of Iran's higher education, whether good or bad, is socially constructed. In order to create a preferred and desirable future among all possible and probable ones, it is indeed necessary to provide all means for the participation of scientists, critical thinkers and independent researchers in this land. In other words, futuristic research, more than any other interdisciplinary knowledge, depends on scientific freedom, critical thinking and social rationality. Future research is an epistemological and social system of a scholarly effort to investigate and understand future fields and alternative options, by creating a platform for dialogue and a satisfactory search of a network of stakeholders in order to gain insight into discrete futures (especially in a world with complex content in a state of chaos) and to think and act proactively about them. Without the companionship of critical minds and conflicting subjects, it is impossible to achieve a satisfactory understanding of future developments of higher education as well as a proactive action towards it. SEVEN CLIMATES OF UNIVERSITY We are thrown into very different futures than higher education where probably we have neither an adequate understanding nor we are prepared to live in. We need environmental scanning for a future research. Different models are applied such as PEST or STEEP_V and internal and external conflicts model. Another model is "Seven Climates" from Barnett. The seven climates of university are deeply involved in discontinuity and epochal developments. The entire ecosystem is transformed with the climate of science and technology, climate of citizens, climate of culture, climate of society, climate of economy, climate of nature and, climate of learning.There is nothing left in the higher education environment that does not change. With these ecological transformations, huge dinosaurs will become extinct, and only those creatures will survive that show creative, self-aware and thoughtful adaptation to these discrete changes. Look at the only item i.e. Internet what it has done to us. The whole social and cultural mentality and relationships, including the world of education and learning, have deeply surprised us and are constantly working and will not stop. Will academics become obsolete against the so-called "ideal technological man"? Will the excessive mediation of technique cause the world deviate from higher education? The trans-human world will transform the nature and faculty of our higher education; Internet of things and Internet of thoughts, cyborgs and metaverse and in other cases microchips and nanorobots are implanted in the bodies of university students, teachers and administrators, transform our intellectual performance, working memory and entire cognitive and emotional activities, and very inevitably, educational and research actions are transformed into unimaginable dimensions. So let's conclude that just one item of the transformation of information and communications technologies and virtual networking and digital consumption, in a contradictory way, is a problem for us but at the same time a solution. What will be the future of this problem and what do we do with it? The policymaking experience of these four decades has shown that we have always wanted to move with time and did not have an intelligent and creative understanding of changes in the Iranian ecosystem and were often asynchronous with changes in the global lifestyle. I hope that this special issue, which was made possible by scientific efforts of Iranian writers inside and outside of the country and the respected referees of these articles, as well as the praiseworthy efforts of the quarterly’s executive director, Mahnaz Shahalizadeh, and finally, the encouragement of the editor and the members of the editorial board, it will be useful for researchers and policymakers and all social actors and further its discussions will be taken seriously in the third world which is an intersubjective world.
Demography
R. Sadeghi
Abstract
considered as an axis and center of development and social changes. Almost all aspects of our lives and the world around us have been influenced by demographic changes, which apart from having an effect on social, economic, and environmental sub-systems; have also been a source of significant changes ...
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considered as an axis and center of development and social changes. Almost all aspects of our lives and the world around us have been influenced by demographic changes, which apart from having an effect on social, economic, and environmental sub-systems; have also been a source of significant changes in these domains. In the 20th century, Iran has gone through numerous social transformations, in a way that this century can be called an era of social transformations. Our times at the beginning and the end of the century are much different, and population has been one of the most important components of this difference. The future, too, will certainly be different, partly due to ongoing demographic changes. In fact, demographic changes and everything related to them have all created the present that seems alien compared to the past, and they are creating a future that will be strange today. Over the past half a century, the majority of population was concentrated in rural areas but today they mostly live in urban centers; most of the population in the past was illiterate but now they are mostly literate; people lived in large families but now they have smaller households, also over the past few decades there were talks about the population explosion, especially those of youth, but today, the declining and aging population are the issues of discussions.Therefore, the only fixed point about human populations is that they are never static but are always dynamic and changing. As such, one should have a vibrant view on the population and adopt favorable and dynamic policies and programs in accordance with demographic changes and foresight in order to take advantage of opportunities and deal with challenges. Nevertheless, population opportunities and challenges are always evolving and becoming permanent. In other words, the nature and type of demographic opportunities and challenges are different over time. Hence, the formulation of population policies and programs in any era requires determining harmful and problem-creating aspects of demographic trends on the one hand, and the opportunities arising from them on the other. Although all periods and stages of the population transition necessitate policy-making but those policies probably may not be as sensitive, necessary and effective as in recent years. In this regard, taking into account the emerging demographic issues as well as their recent and future trends, the Islamic Republic of Iran revised its population policies, which were finally announced by the leader of the Islamic Revolution on May 30, 2013. These policies, compiled in 14 paragraphs, are related to pivotal issues such as: Increasing fertility above the succession level; facilitating marriage and family formation; empowering working-age population; managing migration and domestic and international movements; aging population and using the capacity and capabilities of the elderly; improving social health and quality of life, etc. As such, general population policies are one of the most comprehensive existing policy documents with a dynamic and systemic approach to current and future challenges and opportunities and that have been compiled taken into account the country’s various economic, socio-cultural, health and environmental dimensions. However, the success of policies and programs depends on various factors such as, coherent and sustainable budget and programs; stable and coherent policy, improvement in socio-economic situation, social acceptance, and the support for population studies and researches.In this special quarterly, population dimensions and issues in Iran in three areas of marriage, fertility and immigration have been investigated and researched upon using an interdisciplinary approach in the form of six scientific articles: ‘Spouse-choosing styles of young people in the context of developmental idealism’; ‘Generational and seasonal changes in marriage’; ‘Fertility tendencies and their determinants’; ‘The sense of security and childbearing intention’; ‘Mothers and the upbringing of the generation with emphasis on social concerns of mothers in relation to parenting’; and, ‘The inclination to emigrate from Iran’. In the end, I hope that this special issue with the efforts of some faculty members, demographic researchers and reviewers of the articles as well as with the support of the respected editor and members of the editorial board, apart from industrious efforts and follow-up by Ms. Mahnaz Shah-Alizadeh, the executive director of the quarterly, would be fruitful for researchers and policy-makers.
