Iranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714Methodology of Conceptualization: From Conceptual Reduction to Phenomenological Reduction (A case study of the Concept of Politics in Muslim Thought)Methodology of Conceptualization: From Conceptual Reduction to Phenomenological Reduction (A case study of the Concept of Politics in Muslim Thought)11612410.7508/isih.2014.17.001FAJalalDorakhshahUniversity of Imam Sadiq, Tehran, Iran.AbasalehTaghizadePh.D Student, University of Allame Tabatabaei, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>Question of methodology is an essential aspect of understanding the social. Often, it is a changed methodology that results in innovative conceptualization in the arena of social sciences. This essay is an attempt to delve into social scientific method of conceptualization. The main question posed is how is an understanding of a concept achieved I. e. , how is it made meaningful to us?</span> <span>Fallowing late Wittgenstein, s ideas, the usually ignored methodology of conceptualization is discussed. Social scientists often do not define concepts properly and hence full into the linguistic caveat that can he called "conceptual reduction". Secondly, we have tried to introduce a new method and framework ''the phenomenological reduction'' that draws a new direction in investing meaning in new terminologies in social sciences. Last, this method is applied in the discussion of the concept of'' politics'' in the linguistic- conceptual network of Muslim thinkers</span><span lang="AR-SA">. </span><span>Question of methodology is an essential aspect of understanding the social. Often, it is a changed methodology that results in innovative conceptualization in the arena of social sciences. This essay is an attempt to delve into social scientific method of conceptualization. The main question posed is how is an understanding of a concept achieved I. e. , how is it made meaningful to us?</span> <span>Fallowing late Wittgenstein, s ideas, the usually ignored methodology of conceptualization is discussed. Social scientists often do not define concepts properly and hence full into the linguistic caveat that can he called "conceptual reduction". Secondly, we have tried to introduce a new method and framework ''the phenomenological reduction'' that draws a new direction in investing meaning in new terminologies in social sciences. Last, this method is applied in the discussion of the concept of'' politics'' in the linguistic- conceptual network of Muslim thinkers</span><span lang="AR-SA">. </span>http://www.isih.ir/article_124_8a81ec9f4c45ae7042d518b222c53f26.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120131013Facilities of Interdisciplinary Approach to Study the Formation of Political ThoughtsFacilities of Interdisciplinary Approach to Study the Formation of Political Thoughts173712510.7508/isih.2014.17.002FAMoslemAbasiTarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.NargesTajikHakim Sabzevari University, Razavi Khorasan province, IranJournal Article20120714<span class="hps"><span>Political thought</span></span><span> is <span class="hps">ideas</span> <span class="hps">about how to</span> <span class="hps">organize</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">political</span> <span class="hps">aspect</span> <span class="hps">of</span> the <span class="hps">human life. Because of the different aspects</span> <span class="hps">of human</span> <span class="hps">affairs</span>, <span class="hps">interdisciplinary</span> <span class="hps">approach</span> <span class="hps">will be</span> <span class="hps">more</span> <span class="hps">useful to understand and</span> <span class="hps">study</span> <span class="hps">political thoughts</span>. <span class="FootnoteTextChar">To improve Thomas Spragens’s theory,</span> In this paper<span class="FootnoteTextChar"> we have adopted </span></span><span>Skinner's Hermeneutics</span><span class="longtext"><span>, </span></span><span class="hps"><span>psychological</span></span><span class="hps"><span>criticism</span></span><span class="hps"><span>and</span></span><span class="hps"><span>stylistics</span></span><span class="hps"><span>as methods for</span></span><span class="hps"><span>dealing</span></span><span class="hps"><span>with political texts</span></span><span class="hps"><span>and</span></span><span class="hps"><span>ideas; and also </span></span><span>Erik Erikson’s life – span theory </span><span class="hps"><span>to study</span></span><span class="hps"><span>the role of personality in formation of</span></span><span class="hps"><span>political thinkers’ ideas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="AR-SA">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span>Political thought</span></span><span> is <span class="hps">ideas</span> <span class="hps">about how to</span> <span class="hps">organize</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">political</span> <span class="hps">aspect</span> <span class="hps">of</span> the <span class="hps">human life. Because of the different aspects</span> <span class="hps">of human</span> <span class="hps">affairs</span>, <span class="hps">interdisciplinary</span> <span class="hps">approach</span> <span class="hps">will be</span> <span class="hps">more</span> <span class="hps">useful to understand and</span> <span class="hps">study</span> <span class="hps">political thoughts</span>. <span class="FootnoteTextChar">To improve Thomas Spragens’s theory,</span> In this paper<span class="FootnoteTextChar"> we have adopted </span></span><span>Skinner's Hermeneutics</span><span class="longtext"><span>, </span></span><span class="hps"><span>psychological</span></span><span class="hps"><span>criticism</span></span><span class="hps"><span>and</span></span><span class="hps"><span>stylistics</span></span><span class="hps"><span>as methods for</span></span><span class="hps"><span>dealing</span></span><span class="hps"><span>with political texts</span></span><span class="hps"><span>and</span></span><span class="hps"><span>ideas; and also </span></span><span>Erik Erikson’s life – span theory </span><span class="hps"><span>to study</span></span><span class="hps"><span>the role of personality in formation of</span></span><span class="hps"><span>political thinkers’ ideas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="AR-SA">. </span></span>http://www.isih.ir/article_125_de6db72fed53b3d940c2e4a4af28fbb2.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714A Critical Analysis of Postcolonial Studies and Its ApproachesA Critical Analysis of Postcolonial Studies and Its Approaches397412610.7508/isih.2014.17.003FASaied SadraldinMousaviFaculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Iran.MasoodDarroudiPh.D in Politics, Mashad Jahad Daneshgahi, Khorasan Razavi, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>Postcolonial studies is a new discipline dealing with non-Western countries and their cultures, which fall within the scope of cultural studies. This critical approach refers to a set of theoretical attitudes which analyze the colonial discourse with emphasis on colonial consequences. These studies lay emphasis on colonialism as an intangible and cultural issue which still exists. The field and subject matter of postcolonial studies, due to emergence of new issues, has a very wide scope. This is because of the wide scope of the subjects falling within scope of postcolonial studies, which include, theory, literary critique, economic and political studies as well as research about colonial governments, identity and cultural studies. This leads to some ambiguities and controversies in the primary encounters of the researchers with this field of studies, causing some writers to consider conceptual unity and integrity for this field. It seems that a more precise study of the branches and approaches of this field is necessary. Hence, attempts have been made in the present paper to restudy the subject matter and approaches of postcolonial studies and analyze the ignored aspects of this discipline through a critical approach.</span><span>Postcolonial studies is a new discipline dealing with non-Western countries and their cultures, which fall within the scope of cultural studies. This critical approach refers to a set of theoretical attitudes which analyze the colonial discourse with emphasis on colonial consequences. These studies lay emphasis on colonialism as an intangible and cultural issue which still exists. The field and subject matter of postcolonial studies, due to emergence of new issues, has a very wide scope. This is because of the wide scope of the subjects falling within scope of postcolonial studies, which include, theory, literary critique, economic and political studies as well as research about colonial governments, identity and cultural studies. This leads to some ambiguities and controversies in the primary encounters of the researchers with this field of studies, causing some writers to consider conceptual unity and integrity for this field. It seems that a more precise study of the branches and approaches of this field is necessary. Hence, attempts have been made in the present paper to restudy the subject matter and approaches of postcolonial studies and analyze the ignored aspects of this discipline through a critical approach.</span>http://www.isih.ir/article_126_a32ede059f1e265423b83969596f362c.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714Hawza and Modernization: A Fruitful and Successful Example for Indigenous Multidisciplinary ActivitiesHawza and Modernization: A Fruitful and Successful Example for Indigenous Multidisciplinary Activities759812710.7508/isih.2014.17.004FAMohammadSamieiFaculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>In response to the necessity of change and modernization, the <em>hawza </em>has employed a sort of interdisciplinary methodology, using some channels to communicate modern resources. This research discusses two such channels: hybrid students, who gathered both Islamic and modern knowledge and in this way they could bring to the <em>hawza </em>their experience and knowledge from outside; and hybrid Islamic institutes which are based within the <em>hawza </em>but are in systematic relations with academic sources as well. This research shows that these two channels were able to considerably enhance the <em>hawza </em>in the realms of education, research and social bonds. The achievements they made are of two types. One is development of the means and styles through using modern technologies and applied sciences; the other is enhancement of methodologies and thoughts by applying modern approaches in the humanities and social sciences. As a final conclusion of this research, it was pointed out that hybrid students and institutes have been much more successful regarding the former rather than the latter. However, the only way available still seems to be continuing this interdisciplinary approach, but through employing a more sophisticated methodology</span><span lang="FA">. </span><span>In response to the necessity of change and modernization, the <em>hawza </em>has employed a sort of interdisciplinary methodology, using some channels to communicate modern resources. This research discusses two such channels: hybrid students, who gathered both Islamic and modern knowledge and in this way they could bring to the <em>hawza </em>their experience and knowledge from outside; and hybrid Islamic institutes which are based within the <em>hawza </em>but are in systematic relations with academic sources as well. This research shows that these two channels were able to considerably enhance the <em>hawza </em>in the realms of education, research and social bonds. The achievements they made are of two types. One is development of the means and styles through using modern technologies and applied sciences; the other is enhancement of methodologies and thoughts by applying modern approaches in the humanities and social sciences. As a final conclusion of this research, it was pointed out that hybrid students and institutes have been much more successful regarding the former rather than the latter. However, the only way available still seems to be continuing this interdisciplinary approach, but through employing a more sophisticated methodology</span><span lang="FA">. </span>http://www.isih.ir/article_127_95c7a48e2ba8091c249784694997f46d.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714Nature of Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities
With Emphasis on Habermas’s TheoryNature of Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities
With Emphasis on Habermas’s Theory9911612810.7508/isih.2014.17.005FAMohammad RezaHatamiUniversity of Payam-e Noor, Terhan, Iran.HamedRoshanchashmM.A Student, University of Payam-e Noor, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>Interdisciplinary study is a type of science which has become necessary after the shortcomings of specialization were found in science. Thus, we can say </span><span class="hps">one reason that today the tendency is toward interdisciplinary, is specialization. Today mankind is facing complicated and multidimensional issues and consequently he needs multidimensional and interdisciplinary understanding and approaches to solve them. The goal of this article is to study the nature of knowledge and then to analyze the necessity of interdisciplinary studies in humanities according to Habermas’s point of view, a known</span><span> </span><span class="hps">representative of</span><span> </span><span class="hps">the Frankfurt School</span><span> </span><span class="hps">and</span><span> </span><span class="hps">Critical Theory.</span><span> Using reliable texts and </span><span class="hps">analytical methods,</span><span> this study tries to answer to its main question, namely the nature of interdisciplinary approach in humanities. </span><span class="hps">In the era of</span><span class="hps">modernity, </span><span>Habermas tries to show that </span><span class="hps">the entirepart of human</span><span class="hps">mind abilities</span><span class="hps">has been overcome by some of its part under the natural sciences and that it has prevented the recognition of the real world and created contrast between</span><span> </span><span class="hps">qualitative and</span><span> </span><span class="hps">quantitative methods in humanities. By criticizing the positivist approach and in the next step by proposing the theory of Communicative Action and Communicative Rationality, he emphasizes on the multidimensional nature of human knowledge and human issues and seeks to solve complex human issues through convergence and consensus on the ideal situation.</span><span>Interdisciplinary study is a type of science which has become necessary after the shortcomings of specialization were found in science. Thus, we can say </span><span class="hps">one reason that today the tendency is toward interdisciplinary, is specialization. Today mankind is facing complicated and multidimensional issues and consequently he needs multidimensional and interdisciplinary understanding and approaches to solve them. The goal of this article is to study the nature of knowledge and then to analyze the necessity of interdisciplinary studies in humanities according to Habermas’s point of view, a known</span><span> </span><span class="hps">representative of</span><span> </span><span class="hps">the Frankfurt School</span><span> </span><span class="hps">and</span><span> </span><span class="hps">Critical Theory.</span><span> Using reliable texts and </span><span class="hps">analytical methods,</span><span> this study tries to answer to its main question, namely the nature of interdisciplinary approach in humanities. </span><span class="hps">In the era of</span><span class="hps">modernity, </span><span>Habermas tries to show that </span><span class="hps">the entirepart of human</span><span class="hps">mind abilities</span><span class="hps">has been overcome by some of its part under the natural sciences and that it has prevented the recognition of the real world and created contrast between</span><span> </span><span class="hps">qualitative and</span><span> </span><span class="hps">quantitative methods in humanities. By criticizing the positivist approach and in the next step by proposing the theory of Communicative Action and Communicative Rationality, he emphasizes on the multidimensional nature of human knowledge and human issues and seeks to solve complex human issues through convergence and consensus on the ideal situation.</span>http://www.isih.ir/article_128_749bc92706855b76103cb76c98509a7b.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714. Interdisciplinary Research: Paradigm & Educational Implications. Interdisciplinary Research: Paradigm & Educational Implications11713012910.7508/isih.2014.17.006FAMasoomeSamadiInstitute of Applied Science Technology Jahad Daneshgahi, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>Introduction</span><span>: Specialized discipline is debated to inductive method & experimental observation. At first science of philosophy pattern Descartes had governed in the late 20 era. Critical analytical in the area of research to make background for forming interdisciplinary research. Interdisciplinary research to exist in reaction to disciplinary research & gap between research & decision making in social living. Questions in this research discussed were: what is the interdisciplinary research? What is the interdisciplinary paradigm? & what are the Interdisciplinary research educational implications? Method: The kind of this research was qualitative research that was used from descriptive –analytical method & documental method for to collect information. Findings have showed that Interdisciplinary researches were reconciling two & many disciplinary science for solving a human problem. This area of research was based on procedural pluralist. Destination of interdisciplinary research is solving two essentials needs. This two essentials needs were: Needs to Solving problems that disciplinary science can not solved in & needs to unify knowledge. The essentials aims interdisciplinary researches are integrating of science & critical thinking. Paradigm that dominated on this area is kind of integrating paradigm Implications this research are to develop critical thinking , social responsibility &skills of analytical</span><span>Introduction</span><span>: Specialized discipline is debated to inductive method & experimental observation. At first science of philosophy pattern Descartes had governed in the late 20 era. Critical analytical in the area of research to make background for forming interdisciplinary research. Interdisciplinary research to exist in reaction to disciplinary research & gap between research & decision making in social living. Questions in this research discussed were: what is the interdisciplinary research? What is the interdisciplinary paradigm? & what are the Interdisciplinary research educational implications? Method: The kind of this research was qualitative research that was used from descriptive –analytical method & documental method for to collect information. Findings have showed that Interdisciplinary researches were reconciling two & many disciplinary science for solving a human problem. This area of research was based on procedural pluralist. Destination of interdisciplinary research is solving two essentials needs. This two essentials needs were: Needs to Solving problems that disciplinary science can not solved in & needs to unify knowledge. The essentials aims interdisciplinary researches are integrating of science & critical thinking. Paradigm that dominated on this area is kind of integrating paradigm Implications this research are to develop critical thinking , social responsibility &skills of analytical</span>http://www.isih.ir/article_129_20f5400b448ef55a82bf41abcaa8bbc5.pdfIranian Institute for Social & Cultural StudiesInterdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities2008-46415120120714An Introduction to the Necessity of Studying Non-disciplinary Approaches and Its Implications to Introduce the Cross-Disciplinary Approach Economic Psychology.An Introduction to the Necessity of Studying Non-disciplinary Approaches and Its Implications to Introduce the Cross-Disciplinary Approach Economic Psychology.13115713010.7508/isih.2014.17.007FAAdelPeyghamiImam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran.FarzadSarparast SadatM.A Student in Islamic Knowledge and Economy, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20120714<span>Standard economics lonely is not able to answer a lot of various questions that we face today. So to solve these kinds of problems non-disciplinary approaches have been produced to answer these questions that a discipline lonely is not able to answer them. In This research first we review the whole Non-disciplinary approaches and then we discuss economic psychology as a cross-disciplinary approach. By study of this approach we can achieve new indexes that had not been studied in standard economics so far and use subjective utility to compute utility of friendship, self esteem and respect that were not attended in standard economics up to now. Also we would present Quantitative methods to account welfare carefully.</span> <br /><br /> <span>Standard economics lonely is not able to answer a lot of various questions that we face today. So to solve these kinds of problems non-disciplinary approaches have been produced to answer these questions that a discipline lonely is not able to answer them. In This research first we review the whole Non-disciplinary approaches and then we discuss economic psychology as a cross-disciplinary approach. By study of this approach we can achieve new indexes that had not been studied in standard economics so far and use subjective utility to compute utility of friendship, self esteem and respect that were not attended in standard economics up to now. Also we would present Quantitative methods to account welfare carefully.</span> <br /><br /> http://www.isih.ir/article_130_83d66367574de398bc01c5c3dc49e595.pdf