Anfal and Modernity: A Paradoxical Study of Modernity

Abbastabar, R.; Mohammad Hoseinpour, Kh.

doi:10.22035/isih.2016.225

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

¹ Assistant Professor of Political science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

² M.A. in Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2016.225

Abstract

This paper attempts to enter the fields of history, sociology and political sciences and finds a link between their theoretical and practical bases. Therefore, the main concern in this paper is to find the relationship between Anfal (a historical and socio-political event) and modernism (a political-philosophical concept). It attempts to find out if Anfal or the genocide of the Iraqi Kurds has any relationship with modernism and if it can be considered as a by-product of modernism. By explaining the concept of modernism and highlighting the paradoxes in it, this paper examines Anfal vs-a-vis these paradoxes. To answer research questions of the theory of modernism theory and its critical attitude one has to depend on data analysis and use of the descriptive analytical method. The hypothesis in this study is that Anfal is the product of modernism. Findings of the study show that Anfal is the product of the paradoxes in modernism and modernism while encountering Anfal has shown its dark side. Fatalism is an aspect which has developed as a result of instrumental rationality which in itself is an outcome of modernism.The instrumental rationality has brought with itbureaucracy, army and technology as a result of which government fell in the hands of the Baath Partywhich was the direct product of Anfal.

Highlights

Anfal (genocide of the Iraqi Kurds) is the back face of modernity.

Political systems of totalitarianism are produced of faulty of modernity.

Baath regime is the symbol of resilient modernism.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abazari, Y. (1377/1998). Xerad-e jāme’e šenāsi [Sociological reason]. Tehran, Iran: Tarh-e Now.

Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (1389/2010). Diyālectic-e rošangari: Qata’āt-e falsafi [‎Philosophische fragmente Dialectic of enlightenment: Philosophical fragments] (M. Farhadpour, & O. Mehregan, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Gām-e Now.

Ahmadi, B. (1385/2006). Modernite-ye nātamām [unfinished modernity]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Markaz.

Archer, M. S., & Tritter, J. Q. (Eds). (2000). Rational choice theory: Resisting colonization. London and New York: Routledge.

Arendt, H. (1366/1987). Totalitarism: Hokumat-e ar’āb, koštār, xafaqān [The origins of Totalitarianism, Chapter 3] (M. Solasi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Jāvidān.

Bakhtiar, A. (1999). Anfāl va erāde-ye ma’tuf be koštan va farāmuši [Anfal and will to kill and forget] (M. Tifouri, Trans.). Journal of Rahand, 7, 95-107.

Balorda, J. (2013). Genocide and modernity: A comparative study of Bosnia, Rwanda and the Holocaust (Doctoral dissertation). University of Leeds.

Bandi, A. (2012). bahdinan anfal (L. Asihy & A. Muhammad Sa’ee, Trans. & Revised). Duhok: Spirez Press & publisher .

Barbier, M. (1383/2004). Modernite-ye siyāsi [‎La modernite politique] (A. Ahmadi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Āgah.

Bashiriyeh, H. (1386/2007). Aql dar siyāsat [Wisdom in Politics]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Negāh-e Mo’āser.

Bashiriyeh, H. (1389/2010). Tārix-e andišehā-ye siyāsi dar qarn-e bistom, andišehā-ye mārksisti [A History of political thought in twentieth century (Marxism)]. Tehran, Iran: Ney.

Bauman, Z. (1989). Modernity and the holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bengio, O. (2012). The kurds of Iraq: Building a state within a state. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Berman, M. (1379/2000). Tajrobe-ye modernite: Har ānče saxt ast dud mišavad va be havā miravad [All that is solid melts into air: Experience of modernity] (M. Farhadpour, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Tarh-e Now.

Bernstein, J. (1996). The casuality of fate: Modernity and modernism in Habermas. In: D’Entrevès, P., & Benhabib, S. (Eds.). Habermas and the unfinished Project of modernity (pp. 68-245), UK, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bigdeli, A. (1368/1989). Tārix-e siyāsi va eqtesādi-ye Iraq [Political and economic history of Iraq]. Tehran, Iran: Mo’assese-ye Motāle’āt va Entešārāt-e Tārixi-ye Mirās-e Melal.

Bradshaw, L. (1380/2001). Falsafe-ye siyāsi-e Hannah Arendt [Acting and thimfing: The political thought of Hannah Arendt] (Kh. Deihimi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Tarh-e Now.

Bronner, S. E. (1386/2007). Bāzyābi-ye rošangari: Be suy-e xatt-e mašy-e ta’ahhodi rādicāl [Reclaiming the enlightenment: Toward a politics of radical‭‭ engagement] (H. Mortazavi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Češme.

Cahoone, L. (1381/2002). Az modernism tā postmodernism [From modernism to postmodernism: An anthology] (A. Rashidian, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Ney.

Copleston, F. C. (1362/1983). Tārix-e falsafe, filsufān-e Englis, az Hobbes ta Hume [‎The British philosophers: Hobbes to Hume] (A. J. A’lam, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Soruš.

Farouk-Sluglett, M., & Slugltt, P. (2003). Iraq since 1958: From revolution to dictatorship. London and new York: IB Tauris.

Fattah, H., & Caso, F. (2009). A brief history of Iraq. New York: Facts on File, An Impreint of infobase Publishing.

Ganji, I. (1393/2014). Alter modernite [Alter-modernity]. Reterived from: http://asabsanj.com/asab/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ganji_altermodernity.pdf.

Giddens, A. (1377/1998). Payāmadhā-ye modernite [The consequences of modernity] (M. Solasi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Markaz.

Gunter, M. (2014). Dāyerat al-ma’āref-e Tārixi – Siyāsi-ye Kordestan [Historical and political encyclopedia of Kurdistan] (H. Moshrefi, Trans.). Entešārāt-e Duhok.

Habermas, J. (1384/2005). Jahāni šodan va āyande-ye democrāsi, manzume-ye pasāmelli [‎The postnational constellation: Political essays] (K. Pouladi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Markaz.

Habermas, J. (1984). The Theory of communicative action (Vol. 1). London: Heinermann.

Habermas, J. (1987). The philosophical discourse of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Hinton, A. L. (ed.) (2002). The dark side of modernity: Toward an anthropology of genocide. In: Annihilating difference: The anthropology of genocide. Berkeley: University of California Press (pp. 1–42), Berekeley: University of California Press.

Holden, S. E. (Ed.). (2012). A documentary history of modern Iraq. University Press of Florida.

Johnson, A. (2004). Constance, Iraq: Legal history and traditions. Washington, DC: The Law Library of Congress.

Kutschera, C. (1377/1998). Jonbeš-e melli-ye Kord [‎Le mouvement national Kurde‬] (E. Younesi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Negāh.

Makiya, K. (1989). Republic of fear: The politics of modern Iraq. London: University of California Press.

Marr, F. (1380/2001). Tārix-e novin-e Iraq [‎The modern history of Iraq‬] (M. Abbaspour, Trans.). Tehran, Irann: Astān-e Qods-e Razavi.

McDowall, D. (1386/2007). Tārix-e mo’āser-e Kord [‎Amoden history of the Kurds] (E. Younesi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Pāniz.

Middle East Watch Report & Human Rights Watch (1993). Genocide in Iraq: The anfal campaign against the Kurds. US: New York.

Milgram, S. (1381/2002). Etā’at az otorit: Yek didgāh-e tajrobi [‎Obedience to authority: An experimental view‬] (M. Payandeh, & A. khodagholi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Axtarān.

Mirali, M. A. (1391/2012). Čāleš-e sonnat va modernite dar syria va lebanon [The challenge between rtadition and modernity in Lebanon and Syria]. Qom: Mo’assese-ye Bustān-e Ketāb.

Mitcham, C. (1388/2009). Falsafe-ye tecnoloži čist? [What is the philosophy of technology?] (M. Taghavi, Y. Khoshnevis, & P. Mousavi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Ruznāme-ye Iran/Iran Newspaper.

Mohammadi, S. M. (1386/2007). Habermas va porože-ye nātamām-e modernite [Habermas and the unfinished project of modernity]. Nāme-ye Falsafi, 59(1), 53-66.

Motazed, Kh. (1385/2006). Soqut-e dictātor; Saddam az zohur tā soqut [Inclination of dictatorship; Saddam from advent to inclination] (3rd ed.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Alborz.

Nazari, A. A. (1383/2004). Didgāhhā-ye entegādi va gozār az modernite [Critical viewpoints and transition from modernity]. Faslnāme-ye Rāhbord/ Rahbord Journal, 34, 68-81.

Neocleous, M. (1391/2012). Fāšism [fascism] (H. Mortazavi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Āšiyān.

Norris, P., & Keddie, N. R. (1388/2009). Jāme’ešenāsi-ye siyāsi šekāfhā-ye ejtemā’: Barresihā-ye moredi [Political sociology of social gaps: case studies] (P. Dalirpour, & A. R. Sami’ee Esfahani, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Kavir.

Nozari, H. A. (1391/2012). Modernite va modernism, siyāsat, farhang va nazariye-ye ejtemā’i [Modernity and Modernism, politics, culture and social theory]. Thran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Naqš-e Jahān.

Nozari, H. A. (1394/2015). Nazariye-ye enteqādi-ye maktab-e Frankfurt dar olum-e ensāni va ejtemā’i [Critical theory of Frankfurt School in social sciences and humanities]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Āgāh.

Parkin, F. (1384/2005). Max Weber [Max Weber] (Sh. Mosammaparast, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Entešārāt-e Qoqnus.

Pooladie, K. (1384/2005). Az dowlat-e eqtedār tā dolat-e aql dar falsafe-ye siyāsi-ye modern [From the state of authority to the state of reason in modern political philosophy‬]. Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Markaz.

Power, S. (1386/2007). Mo’zali barxāste az jahannam; America va qarn-e naslkošihā [A problem from hell: America and the age of genocide] (M. Benyaytan, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Češme.

Randal, J. (1379/2000). Bā in rosvāyi če baxšāyeši?: Āšenāyiyam bā Kurdistan: Tahlil-e masā’el-e siyāsi-ye Kurdistan [‎After such knowledge, what forgiveness?: My encounters with Kurdistan] (E. Younesi, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Pāniz.

Taylor, C. (1387/2008). Hegel va jāme’e-ye modern [‎Hegel and modern society‬‭‮‭] (M. Haghighi Rad, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Našr-e Markaz.

Touraine, A. (1380/2001). Naqd-e modernite [‎Critique de la modernite] (M. Mardiha, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Gām-e Now.

Vouj, S. (1993). Genocide (S. Moftizade, Trans.). Kourdestan: Meddle East Press.

Watson, D. (1385/2006). Hannah Arendt [Hannah Arendt] (F. Valiani, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Hermes.

Name *

Email Address *

Affiliation *

Comments *

Security Code *

Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Anfal and Modernity: A Paradoxical Study of Modernity

References

References

Send comment about this article

Volume 8, Issue 3 - Serial Number 31
July 2016
Pages 89-111

Anfal and Modernity: A Paradoxical Study of Modernity

References

References

Send comment about this article

Volume 8, Issue 3 - Serial Number 31July 2016Pages 89-111

Volume 8, Issue 3 - Serial Number 31
July 2016
Pages 89-111