نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی ـ پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار علوم سیاسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه اردکان، یزد، ایران
2 دانشیار روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، ایران
چکیده
در همه‌گیری کوید‌ـ19 با یک بحران اجتماعی تأثیرگذار بر تمامی ابعاد زندگی انسان‌ها روبه‌رو هستیم. فهم ابعاد دقیق این دگرگونی مستلزم به‌کارگیری مدلی مفهومی یا رویکردی میان‌رشته‌ای است. ازهمین‌رو، هدف اصلی مقاله حاضر فهم تأثیرها و واقعیات بحران کووید‌ـ19 بر مبنای نظریه سیستم‌های اجتماعی نیکلاس لومان و با استفاده از مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای و روش توصیفی‌ـ‌تحلیلی است. سؤالی این است که بحران کووید‌ـ19 چه ابعادی از حیات انسان‌ها را متأثر ساخته و شامل چه واقعیاتی می‌شود؟ فرضیه مورد آزمون عبارت است از: «بحران کرونا در سه سطح سیستمی تعاملاتی، سازمانی و جامعوی قابل‌بررسی است و در خرده‌سیستم‌هایی چون قانون، علم، دین، سیاست، اقتصاد و آموزش‌و‌پرورش قابل‌فهم است». نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که تغییر رویکرد در بستر سیستم تعاملات اجتماعی باعث دگرگونی اساسی در تعاملات روزمره افراد شده است. در سیستم سازمانی برخی سازمان‌ها منتفع و برخی زیان دیده‌اند و کنش سازمانی برخی نهادها به داخل منازل کشیده شده است. سیستم جامعوی که خود شامل شش قسمت می‌شود نیز تغییراتی مهم در زمینه اقصادی، ظهور قوانین جدید در بسیاری از ابعاد زندگی شهروندان، تحوّلی عمیق در زمینه باورهای دینی، تغییر رویه در شیوهٔ آموزشی، توجه ویژه به علوم تجربی و تمرکز‌گرایی در حوزهٔ خرده‌سیستم سیاست را تجربه نموده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Azevêdo, R. (2020). Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy, World Trade Organization. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm
Bacık, G. (Mar. 19, 2020). The coronavirus and its impact on religion and the international system. Retrieved from https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-coronavirus/coronavirus-and-its-impact-religion-and-international-system
Barnum, M. (2020). Should schools close due to coronavirus? Here's what research says Chalkbeat. Retrieved from https://www.chalkbeat.org/2020/3/9/21178727/to-close-or-not-to-close-as-schools-weigh-tradeoffs-in-light-of-coronavirus-here-s-what-research-say
Baumgardner, G. (2020). New COVID-19 symptom tracker app helps researchers better understand coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.clickorlando.com/health/2020/04/01/new-covid-19-symptom-tracker-app-helps-researchers-better-understand-coronavirus
Berlin (2020). Corona Rules: Catalogue of fines in effect. April 2020. Retrieved from https://www.berlin.de/en/news/coronavirus/6130437-6098215-corona-rules-catalogue-of-fines-in-effec.en.html
Bezich, L (2020). COVID-19 crisis creates ironic path for men to bolster social relationships. Retrieved from https://translate.google.com
Broom, D. (2020). Coronavirus has exposed the digital divide like never before. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-digital-divide-internet-data-broadband-mobbile
Brow, F. Z. (2020). How Will the Coronavirus Reshape Democracy and Governance Globally?. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470
Browne, R. (2020). Europe races to rescue its tech industry as start-ups fight for survival. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-europe-races-to-rescue-tech-startups.html
Carothers, T. (2020). How Will the Coronavirus Reshape Democracy and Governance Globally?. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus- reshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470
Casciani, D. (2020). Coronavirus: What powers do the police have?. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-52106843
Chambers, C., & Harris, D. (2020). Why it’s not OK to take small social risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-its-not-ok-to-take-small-social-risks-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-135542
Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities (CCSA). (2020). How Covid 19 is Changing the world. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/how-covid-19-changing-world-statistical-perspective
Dias, E. (2020). A Sunday Without Church: In Crisis, a Nation Asks, 'What Is Community?. The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/us/churches-coronavirus-services.html
Feldstein, S. (2020). Beware the Implications of Coronavirus Surveillance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/31/beware-implications-of-coronavirus-surveillance-pub-81411
Fred Hutch News Service. (2020). Science papers you should be reading about the coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2020/03/coronavirus-latest-scientific-research.html
Georgieva, K. (2020). IMF Makes Available $50 Billion to Help Address Coronavirus International Monetary Fund. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/03/04/sp030420-imf-makes-available-50-billion-to-help-address-coronavirus
Ging, J. P. (2020). Contrasting approach to lockdown in France and UK despite joint statement on COVID co-operation. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/11/contrasting-approach-to-lockdown-in-france-and-uk-despite-joint-statement-on-covid-co-oper
Gulbrandsen, M., Tellmann, S. M., & Karaulova, M. (2020). Coronavirus and the impact of science. Retrieved from https://www.sv.uio.no/tik/english/research/centre/osiris/osirisblog /coronavirus-and-the-impact-of-science.html
Hänel, L. (2020). Coronavirus: A stress test for democracy. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-a-stress-test-for-democracy/a-53064455
Jones, L., Palumbo, D. & Brown, D. (2020). Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51706225
Karine, El., & Hektoen, L. (2020). Changes to the layoff rules in Norway due to Corona outbreak - updated. Retrieved from https://blogg.magnuslegal.no/en/changes-to-the-layoff-rules-in-norway-due-to-corona-outbreak
Khamenei, Seyed Ali. (2020). Imam Khamenei's advice to the people on Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://english.khamenei.ir/news/7404/Imam-Khamenei-s-advice-to-the-people-on-Coronavirus
Luhmann, N. (1990. Essays on self-reference. Chicago: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Essays-Self-Reference-Niklas-Luhmann/dp/0231063687
Luhmann, N. (1993). Communication and social order risk: a sociologicaltheory, New Brunswick, Publishers. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books/about/Communication_and_Social_Order.html?id=PzPtFxgv8FwC
Mahar, E. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Global Economy Structure. Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved from https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/04/22/impact-of-covid-19-on-global-economy-structure
Mokhtar, F. Gross, S. (2020). Should Schools Close to Fight Virus? These Places Say No. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-27/should-schools-close-to-fight-virus-these-countries-say-no
Newport, F. (2020). Religion and the COVID-19 Virus in the U.S. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/307619/religion-covid-virus.aspx
Norris, J. (2020). New COVID-19 'Citizen Science' Initiative Lets Any Adult with a Smartphone Help to Fight Coronavirus. The Regents of the University of California. Retrieved from https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/03/417026/new-covid-19-citizen-science-initiative-lets-any-adult-smartphone-help-fight
Pew Social Trends (2020). Most Americans Say Coronavirus Outbreak Has Impacted Their Lives. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/03/30/most-americans-say-coronavirus-outbreak-has-impacted-their-lives
Reddy, V., Soudien, C., & Winnaar, L. D. (2020), Impact of school closures on education outcomes in South Africa the conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/impact-of-school-closures-on-education-outcomes-in-south-africa-136889
Robinson, K. (2020). How Are Major Religions Responding to the Coronavirus?. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-are-major-religions-responding-coronavirus
Rüttimann, L. (2020). crisis, we believe in science. Retrieved from https://www.naratek.com/en/artificial-intelligence/2020/in-the-corona-crisis-we-believe-in-science.php
Schminke, T. G. (2020). EU Parliament Projection: Corona Rallies Europeans Around the Flag. Retrieved from https://europeelects.eu/2020/04/02/rally-around-the-flag-corona-and-voting-behaviour-in-europe
Sevastopulo, D. (2020). Trump threatens to cut off relations with China. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/cfbba6bf-3de5-458d-92d1-a62fb958a354
Simon, M. (2020). Children's coronavirus cases are not as severe, but that doesn't make them less serious. CNN Agency. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-children-sick/index.html
Steigleder, L. (2020). Citizen science resources related to the COVID19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.citizenscience.org/covid-19
Sykes, P. (2020). Iran to Start Human Trials of Homegrown Covid-19 Vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-30/iran-says-to-start-human-trials-of-covid-19-vaccine-soon
Tehran Times. (2020). 5,000 drivers fined in Iran for breach of social distancing rules amid coronavirus outbreak. Retrieved from https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/446383/5-000-drivers-fined-in-Iran-for-breach-of-social-distancing-rules
Wardrop, M. (2009). Swine flu: schools should close to halt spread of virus, ministers told The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/swine-flu/5874683/Swine-flu-schools-should-close-to-halt-spread-of-virus-ministers-told.html
WHO (2020). Russian Federation's International Legal Forum The Rule of Corona. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/russian-federation-s-international-legal-forum-the-rule-of-corona
Wikborg, M. (2020). Covid19 – Norway: Measures to mitigate effects of the corona pandemic on the economy. Retrieved from https://blogg.magnuslegal.no/en/corona-norway-proposals-to-mitigate-effects-of-the-corona-pandemic-on-the-economy
)