Future Studies of Higher Education
M. Hoseini Moghadam; M. Hamidi
Abstract
With the growing complexity of current and future world issues, the interconnectedness and, interdependence of thematic areas has become one of the shared norms and practices today. This also has led to the development of interdisciplinary studies in scientific and technological institutions and has ...
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With the growing complexity of current and future world issues, the interconnectedness and, interdependence of thematic areas has become one of the shared norms and practices today. This also has led to the development of interdisciplinary studies in scientific and technological institutions and has become one of the universal trends of policy-making in science, technology and, innovation domains. Climate change, environmental pollution, the steady increase in longevity and aging of societies, global poverty, international financial crises, global diseases, terrorism, addiction and injustice are some of the topics whose foresight is beyond the power of individual and requires thinking, dialogue and cooperation in different specialized fields. The main question is: Which future scenarios can lead to the development of interdisciplinary studies in Iran’s medical universities? Documentary studies, expert panels and brainstorming are some of the methods applied in this research. The findings include: first, interdisciplinary knowledge is identified in response to complex social issues rooted in the present and the future; second, the development of interdisciplinarity in medical sciences requires a process of simultaneous top-down and bottom-up development; third, building a preferable future for the development of interdisciplinary knowledge in Iran's medical sciences involves attention to the facts that shape the subject at different levels from objective to subjective, and, therefore, a range of short-term to long-term approaches, plans and actions to build objectivity and related mindsets.
Educational Management
S. Ebrahimi Koushk Mahdi; M.R. Ahanchian; R. Hosseingholizadeh
Abstract
The debate over theory and theorizing in educational administration has been an old and persistent challenge. Although many experts view the educational administration field as interdisciplinary and integrated, the epistemological foundations and detection of its interdisciplinary nature and classification ...
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The debate over theory and theorizing in educational administration has been an old and persistent challenge. Although many experts view the educational administration field as interdisciplinary and integrated, the epistemological foundations and detection of its interdisciplinary nature and classification in education administration that lead to a validation theory in this field has been rarely studied. Considering the single-discipline and interdisciplinary macro approaches in the production of science, an attempt of theorizing actually focuses on the interdisciplinary approach in terms of diversity of integrated types and their diversified performances. Using an analytical-inferential approach, the present study identifies the current condition of "theorizing" in educational administration after identifying and introducing the interdisciplinary evaluation criteria in three forms of multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary. And through analyzing a typical theory entitled "school as a social system" in educational administration, its natural and inevitable processes in the future have been investigated. The findings indicate that theorizing in educational administration studies is on the verge of transition from a single-discipline approach to multidisciplinary types. This way, the evolution of theorizing is predictable by diverging from a multidisciplinary to an interdisciplinary type.
COVID-19 Crisis
G. Zakersalehi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts have already accepted the fact that the COVID-19 crisis has had impacts on higher education. Moreover, in their view, these effects are not simple and have wide and diverse dimensions. On average there was a fifty percent agreement on at least one of seven preferred scenarios mentioned above. Three major trends that are most likely to occur from the respondents' point of view are: strengthening e-learning (but not as a fundamental transformation and a complete online delivery of the content), a change in the academic lifestyle and paying more attention to sustainability. These three trends contain the most preferred scenarios.
Higher Education
F. Asghari; A. Abbaspour; H. Rahimian; S. Ghiasi Nodooshan
Abstract
Studying the culture of every community, because of identity characteristics and borders distinguishing different communities, is one of the main requirements for understanding that community. Although researchers from different fields have carried out studies on the culture of university as an important ...
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Studying the culture of every community, because of identity characteristics and borders distinguishing different communities, is one of the main requirements for understanding that community. Although researchers from different fields have carried out studies on the culture of university as an important community, unlike other studies on universities, numerous shortcomings and gaps can be found in these studies, leaving studies on academic culture at an immature stage. The present article aims to analyze concepts, views and theories related to this field in order to deal with these problems. The analysis carried out here shows that failure in the conceptual and methodological development of studies on ‘university culture’, regardless of the complexity of the concepts of culture, organization and university, has three main reasons: failure to distinguish between “culture of university” and “academic culture”, failure to recognize that studies on university culture belong to interdisciplinary fields, and failure to methodologically distinguish between the ‘has approach’ (culture as a variable) and ‘is approach’ (culture as a root metaphor).
Linguistics
A. Reza Gholi Famian
Abstract
The hard/soft as well as disciplinary/interdisciplinary divides have been interesting topics in the history and philosophy of science. In this study, these two divides will be revisited in the light of the sub-genre, "article title". The article title is the initial section of any article that readers ...
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The hard/soft as well as disciplinary/interdisciplinary divides have been interesting topics in the history and philosophy of science. In this study, these two divides will be revisited in the light of the sub-genre, "article title". The article title is the initial section of any article that readers encounter and decide whether they continue to follow the text. To conduct the study, 6000 article titles (3000 Persian and 3000 English titles) published in peer-reviewed and ISI journals in 12 disciplines and interdisciplinaries have been collected and their length as well as the frequency of three punctuation marks, i.e. colon (:), comma (,) and question mark (?) are counted. It is revealed that 72281 words make the whole corpus with 12 words as average for each title. The Persian titles are reported longer than English ones, whereas the frequency of three punctuation marks is higher in English corpus. The results indicate that the research article titles have become longer during years and decades both in Persian and English. In sum, the findings confirm that the previous scholars' position on the rigidness of hard/soft as well as disciplinary/interdisciplinary divides are also acceptable in sub-genres such as article titles.
Interdisciplinary
M. N. Farahani; H. Khanipour
Abstract
Psychology as a hub science has a good capacity to connect human sciences. Purposes of this article were: Reviewing historical interest among psychologist for interdisciplinary studies; Investigating common issues between psychology and other human sciences; Explaining psychological causes for failures ...
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Psychology as a hub science has a good capacity to connect human sciences. Purposes of this article were: Reviewing historical interest among psychologist for interdisciplinary studies; Investigating common issues between psychology and other human sciences; Explaining psychological causes for failures of interdisciplinary studies in human sciences in Iran; Clarifying role of interdisciplinary institutions for higher education development; Presenting ways for integrating psychologist in interdisciplinary studies in Iran. Interdisciplinary studies need to develop interdisciplinary institutions that consider psychological, social and moral needs of human being and society. In Iran, maladaptive group process in team work, self-serving bias and shortages of interdisciplinary institutions as a social scaffolding for developing of human science may probably explain failures of interdisciplinary cooperation. Development of interdisciplinary institutions which psychology could have an active role needs to alter educational curriculums for psychology, developing new domain of psychology, and adopting discursive perspectives in psychology.
F. Rostami
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies confirm the fact that different branches of the humanities are closely connected with each other and increase each others’ efficiency. Since comparative interdisciplinary studies also include fields that are not purely literary, such as printing and publishing industries, ...
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Interdisciplinary studies confirm the fact that different branches of the humanities are closely connected with each other and increase each others’ efficiency. Since comparative interdisciplinary studies also include fields that are not purely literary, such as printing and publishing industries, the present study aims to analyze how cultural products achieve a better marketing through designing processes. Paratextuality, from Genette’s point of view, is the theoretical basis of this study, and peritexts and epitexts in the novels of Daneshvar and Soleimani are analyzed here. First, we define “comparative interdisciplinary study” and then discuss the peritexts and the epitexts in their novels. This is a library-based research; however, data is also collected through interviews with the publishers of their novels, Kharazmi, Ghoghnoos and Cheshmeh publications. It is a descriptive-analytical study and its findings show that there are some features in the appearance of books that motivate the customers to buy them. During years, because of cultural structures, advertising strategies and critical reviews, these features have changed. However, this study shows that the scope of the changes in the novels of Soleimani is vaster; in other words, by changing such features, publishers have been able to create a better marketing for Soleimani, even though he is less known than Daneshvar.
R. Nikravesh; M. Ghasemi Sichani
Abstract
Christian Norberg- Schulz explained his ideas about the phenomenology of architecture, indebted to Martin Heidegger’s opinionsand believed that one of the main strategies for identification of the place is creating meaningful environments. Schulz can be considered as one of theorists who created ...
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Christian Norberg- Schulz explained his ideas about the phenomenology of architecture, indebted to Martin Heidegger’s opinionsand believed that one of the main strategies for identification of the place is creating meaningful environments. Schulz can be considered as one of theorists who created new ideas in architecture after Gideon and believed that considering to other scientific fields is necessary to achieve the true nature of architecture. In fact the phenomenological approach can be understood as an interdisciplinary species that explain about existence and cognition in other fields like designing different spaces. Accordingly emphasizing on interdisciplinary trends and studies can help to identify and understand the multiple issues and by studying the different approaches, the scientific expansion of the problem’s aspects will be possible. This article with an Interdisciplinary and phenomenological point of view and due to the main ideas of Norberg- Schulz, analyses the concept of place and space and also the importance of concerning about children’s spaces. So at first a brief knowledge about the book of Norberg-Schulz in phenomenological approach will be achieved and by studying the opinions of other theorists, some results about the importance of considering the concept of genius loci in architectural spaces will be achieved. In this document, by using the descriptive- analytical method and by means of data collection, including studies, library and documentation, the relating concepts and strategies of improving the quality of children’s spaces, is analyzed. According to this article, It could be said that meanings, culture and history of a place, include identifying factors that cause creating memories and a sense of belonging to the place for individuals and thus the formation of their personality in childhood. So one of the main tasks of modern architects is creating a sense of space in children’s spaces and reminding their tradition and cultural identity in this way, so that children can establish a close relationship between the past, present and future.
Nader Shahamat; Hamid Reza Arasteh; Fatemeh Shahamat; Maryam Roozagar
Abstract
Academic interdisciplinaries demand their own specific standards of excellence. This study attempts to design a conceptual model and to edit its structural indices in university and descriptive-analytic method is used in it. For this reason, at first conceptual dimensions of the structure have been identified ...
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Academic interdisciplinaries demand their own specific standards of excellence. This study attempts to design a conceptual model and to edit its structural indices in university and descriptive-analytic method is used in it. For this reason, at first conceptual dimensions of the structure have been identified and appropriate indices and criteria have been designed and edited on the basis of those factors. The population survey includes documents and reports exist in information databases that are accessible to the researcher with regard to the research topic, and sampling has been characterized by the use of purposeful sampling. Results of the study reveals that in order to develop an academic interdisciplinary structure one has to pay attention to the five conceptual dimensions Including interdisciplinary philosophy, conditions and situations, selection, balance and mass participation, as well as five main factors in strategies for making interdisciplinary structure which includes: policies, management and organizational structure, infrastructure support, leadership, support and supervision, funding, the officialism. So in this research to create an interdisciplinary structure, factors, specific criteria and indicators were identified and designed.
Hossein Salimi
Abstract
In the article, it has been tried to answer a fundamental question on the political science; whether the science has been constituted through a combination of difference and diversity of sciences or that is a unique, totally independent discipline. The author endeavors to manifest that the nature ...
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In the article, it has been tried to answer a fundamental question on the political science; whether the science has been constituted through a combination of difference and diversity of sciences or that is a unique, totally independent discipline. The author endeavors to manifest that the nature of political science is interdisciplinary. The study of the history of political knowledge reveals that this kind of knowledge can be understandable just by comprehending the impact of other disciplines. Basically, Politics has been a conjunction and intersection of social phenomena as well as human knowledge. That is a constant characteristic of politics, from political knowledge in ancient era to political science in the age of globalization. From Plato and Aristotle to Fararbi and Ibn Khaldun, and form Hobbes to Martin Albrow, Politics has been a consequence of mixture and coalition of various diversity of knowledge. This interdisciplinary substance of political science not only does not predicate dependency of the science, but also shows the excellence and magnificent situation of political science in the history of the world.
S. R. Shakeri
Abstract
Interdisciplinary can be considered as an advantage when it has a certain relation with scientific and epistemic facilities in a society. In contemporary Iran, some of these facilities are the heritage of our religious intellectualism, and considering interdisciplinary phenomenon, they may be used in ...
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Interdisciplinary can be considered as an advantage when it has a certain relation with scientific and epistemic facilities in a society. In contemporary Iran, some of these facilities are the heritage of our religious intellectualism, and considering interdisciplinary phenomenon, they may be used in scientific and methodological fields, and somehow in academic policy-making. The heritage of Ali Shariati’s intellectualism -- as a thing that cannot be rejected in terms of language, theoretical value, and attraction to students in our thought framework -- contains the basis for multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary thought. Therefore, having multi-disciplinary knowledge, Shariati discuses subjects such as human, history, land, and identity -- which cannot be explained properly using a mere field of study -- in an inter-disciplinary method. The canon of Shariti’s inter-disciplinary thought can be discussed in the concept of “fixed-variable”. This paper conducts a hermeneutical analysis of the interdisciplinary facilities in Shariati’s intellectualism base on “fixed-variable” challenge. The result indicates that interdisciplinary can be a base for making human sciences indigenous in Iran. If we take into account the interdisciplinary based on historical and social facts, the real epistemic and thinking challenges will be revealed and interdisciplinary can be expanded.
Reza Mahdi
Abstract
Knowledge-oriented social life, society needs and problems complexity, expectation from universities for social services, innovation and academic entrepreneurship, problem-solving, and enriching education and research activities have transformed interdisciplinary activities development to strategic necessity ...
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Knowledge-oriented social life, society needs and problems complexity, expectation from universities for social services, innovation and academic entrepreneurship, problem-solving, and enriching education and research activities have transformed interdisciplinary activities development to strategic necessity in higher education. In recently half-century, interdisciplinary activities have had suitable outcomes and results for higher education system, industry and society. One of the most important interdisciplinary activities outcomes is inclination for designing and carrying out interdisciplinary activities by universities, industries, government, faculties, researchers and students. Iran's higher education and university system, the development of academic interdisciplinary towards defined goals and plan, so much success has not. With due consideration to importance and necessity of the interdisciplinary activities and existing challenges, by mixed qualitative research method, were investigated and analyzed why, what and how of interdisciplinary activities and its success factors and development requirements in universities. Finally, based on the study, six main factors and twelve key requirements for formation, growth and development of the interdisciplinary in higher education is derived and explained.
Kumars Irandoost
Abstract
Human social life in the twentieth century was transformed and Urbanization was the dominant life pattern. The emergence of large cities around the world was complex and diverse problems for human settlements, therefore Was necessary to establish some degree of order to the city to comprehensive study ...
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Human social life in the twentieth century was transformed and Urbanization was the dominant life pattern. The emergence of large cities around the world was complex and diverse problems for human settlements, therefore Was necessary to establish some degree of order to the city to comprehensive study the urban complex problems. It is clear that geography is one of the pioneers in the field of urban research and education. Although a long-standing history of geography, As long as human life, but urban geography has a short history. Urban geography quickly grew and spread in short period, and became one of the most apply fields. At the same time, urban planning was formed and began its evolution, more rapidly than expected. Urban planning In the West and in developing countries to become an professional fields. Often there is consensus that urban geography and urban planning are both modern science and interdisciplinary nature, And clear links in their evolution. This paper is a descriptive and analytical approach by using written sources and texts for analysis and evolution of interdisciplinary nature of both. While the urban geography is its interdisciplinary nature, it has become part of the new urban planning discipline. Urban planning, by use of geography and other urban sciences, create a new interdisciplinary discipline. Urban planning create one integrate field from variety of applications to solve urban problems.
Gholamhosein Khorshidi; Shiva Pishgahi
Abstract
Development of interdisciplinary sciences is a multidimensional issue, thus paying attention to the mechanism, capacities and obstacles for realization of developing these sciences is a complicated task to be done. Generalizing this matter is not possible and mentioning some topics is the only thing ...
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Development of interdisciplinary sciences is a multidimensional issue, thus paying attention to the mechanism, capacities and obstacles for realization of developing these sciences is a complicated task to be done. Generalizing this matter is not possible and mentioning some topics is the only thing to do as it is not common among all sciences whatever is proposed in this scope. And even the possessed in common increases in a specific area, there happen the differences case by case. These complexities deepen widely while the interdisciplinary sciences are the result of two or more different areas ‘likeness. In this study it has been tried to investigate this matter in humanities. The term interdisciplinary is often used with prudence and is usually substituted by the terms “multidisciplinary integration “and “interdisciplinary integration” which in this study we try to use it prudently. It has been some decades that orientation course is dominated in worldwide campuses which focuses on proficiency and benefits and these are just the specialists or experts of a specific course who are allowed to study and theorize it. Because of complex societies and diversity of the issues, this method’s inefficiency has been revealed more in these recent years; and it is considered as the most important basis of interdisciplinary prevalence. Of course perception and better and more perfect recognition of phenomena are also a good motive for propagation of these studies. By the term interdisciplinary studies, the process of different scientific courses’ involving in replying a question, solving a problem or laying an issue is meant which is not possible to be studied by a certain major since it is so complicated. In efficient interdisciplinary studies each scientific major is used as a reliable source of information in scale. It is indeed a matrix-approach in different sciences’ utilization system, so these studies not only reach to new sciences by combination of information but also will provide a perfect perception of similarities and differences among majors. The difference in assumptions, points of views, procedures, language and technical terms of each major and cognitive obstacle in humans are the problems which limit the usage of these sciences. Here in this study the indication of importance and necessity of researchers’ extension in humanities and universities go first, then the concept of interdisciplinary researches and its conditions to be done is described(implementations’ obstacles of these studies and the ways to overcome them are proposed).
Gholamhasan Abiri
Abstract
Responsibility of the universities for human capital development faced major difficulties to solve economic – social problems. Iranian graduates from the higher education in the present framework have not covered the needs of our idea logic society. This paper is explanatory one; aim to cover interdisciplinary ...
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Responsibility of the universities for human capital development faced major difficulties to solve economic – social problems. Iranian graduates from the higher education in the present framework have not covered the needs of our idea logic society. This paper is explanatory one; aim to cover interdisciplinary studies as a solution to overcome the difficulties. Logical covering of interdisciplinary weight the aim of coherent among new experts, can help the economic structure of Iran- faced disequilibrium; to direct the country to improve productivity of social- political system. Openness, activation & reflexivity are three principal in higher education, which can help dynamic reactions. Integration of the present knowledge with the creation of new experts, changes the universities structure. These changes at the logical framework should bring confidence among new students for higher studies. Preparation of the society for reactions should increase productivity of social- political system, in order to support a strong economic structure.
Gholamreza Kazemian; Majid Haghighi
Abstract
It is for some years that urban management major is conducted in some Iranian famous universities. The goal of the major is to educate students to become good urban managers because the city is a complex system that contains a lot of unexpected variables. Although this major conducted for some years, ...
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It is for some years that urban management major is conducted in some Iranian famous universities. The goal of the major is to educate students to become good urban managers because the city is a complex system that contains a lot of unexpected variables. Although this major conducted for some years, but there is still ambiguities among expertise and executive associations about its essence. Furthermore it seems that this major has a lot of gap with a preferred interdisciplinary major and therefore lots of the obligations of interdisciplinary majors are not considered. This paper has three goals, first determining the nature of urban management major; second, studying the essences and obligations of the major as an interdisciplinary and challenges of its current situation; and third, developing an analytical framework for the philosophy of urban management major in Iran. The research methods that used are observation, theoretical and comparative study, surveying and interviewing with urban experts and managers. The results emphasis that interdisciplinary nature should be of more concern in our universities. Also, findings show that lots of interdisciplinary mandates such as professors, educational methods and syllabus are not dedicated for specific nature of urban management and should be revised. Based on the theoretical framework, the essence of urban management in Iran has four pillars that are the need of urban management organizations to a comprehensive major, the possibility of resolving lots of currnt urban challenges and problems, non-comprehensiveness of other majors that is related to cities and finally successful experience of conducting urban management major in abroad universities. The essence and validity of all these items are approved.
Gholamreza Khajesarvi
Abstract
Historical background of the theoretical aspects of political science in Iran refers to pre-islamic period; but political science as an imported science was prevailed in the Ghajar dynasty era. This kind of science, entering in land of Iran, accompanied with the modernity. Therefore its content, method ...
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Historical background of the theoretical aspects of political science in Iran refers to pre-islamic period; but political science as an imported science was prevailed in the Ghajar dynasty era. This kind of science, entering in land of Iran, accompanied with the modernity. Therefore its content, method and all its problems are seemed to be set with historical implication of modernity and its raising place, i.e. western countries. Islamic revolution in 1979 caused a revolution in the realm of thinking. By putting special stress on Islamic values, it changed all Iranian life styles and started a trend in localization of academy and knowledge. In last tree decades we have seen a huge number of academic works on localization of political science. Some universities are progressive in producing such literature on the case, among them are Imam Sadegh and Bagher o Al-Oloum Universities. By defining and introducing interdisciplinaries, they could make political science have critical development in the field of localization of the political science. This experiences can be look forwarded as two applied cases for further investigation; so we can reach to an ideal type of Islamic knowledge and university.
Hosein Meisami; Mohsen Abdolahy; Mostafa Shahidi Nasab; Mahdi Ghaemiasl
Abstract
This research analyzes patterns and different interdisciplinary educational programs and takes their propriety with Islamic economics and finance into consideration. Actually, this answers the question that if Islamic economics and finance is going to be held as an interdisciplinary field in the Islamic ...
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This research analyzes patterns and different interdisciplinary educational programs and takes their propriety with Islamic economics and finance into consideration. Actually, this answers the question that if Islamic economics and finance is going to be held as an interdisciplinary field in the Islamic humanities, which of the main interdisciplinary approaches should be adopted and how much is the potentiality of every interdisciplinary approach herein? Presenting principles “maximum integration” and “maximum usage”, the research shows that proper approach toward Islamic economics and finance is content-based integration and among different approaches, intra-disciplinary and parallel inter-disciplinary approaches can’t secure the principles. Although multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, pluri-disciplinary, trans-disciplinary and post-disciplinary approaches are more appropriate than two previous ones, but in current condition, because of their shortcomings, usage of them is not suggested. Finally, it seems that potentiality and efficiency of Interdisciplinary approach is more than the others. Hence, planner of Islamic economics and finance can utilize this in designing the relevant curriculum. However, in practice, Interdisciplinary approach can be taken as basic and principal approach and simultaneously, advantages of other approaches can be used to strength educational program.
Mahmoud Mehrmohammadi; Amir Hossein Kayzouri
Abstract
Academic interdisciplinary sciences require their own standards of excellence. The purpose of this study is to design and develop evaluation quality indicators of academic interdisciplinary sciences by applying descriptive and analytical methods. In this regard, firstly, conceptual aspects and the basic ...
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Academic interdisciplinary sciences require their own standards of excellence. The purpose of this study is to design and develop evaluation quality indicators of academic interdisciplinary sciences by applying descriptive and analytical methods. In this regard, firstly, conceptual aspects and the basic components and principles of Academic Interdisciplinary Sciences are identified. Accordingly, appropriate factors, criteria and indicators are developed. The statistical population of the research consists of documents in accessible databases and the research sample is specified through purposeful sampling method. The results indicate that the evaluation of academic interdisciplinary sciences should include five conceptual dimensions: multi-faceted issues, interdisciplinary insights, adhering to integrative process, Interdisciplinary understanding and interdisciplinary structure. Meanwhile it should also pay attention to five main factors: objectives, curriculum, teaching- learning process, faculty and management. Accordingly, in order to evaluate the quality of Academic Interdisciplinary Sciences, 5 factors, 14 criteria and 59 indicators are identified and designed in this study.
Zeynab Mandalizadeh; Habib Honari
Abstract
The purpose of this study is an investigation of the factors affecting entrepreneurship in sport from the point of view of experts in this field. This study is a descriptive_ analytic one and was conducted as a survey and statistical sample consisted of 64 subjects including top managers and sport management ...
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The purpose of this study is an investigation of the factors affecting entrepreneurship in sport from the point of view of experts in this field. This study is a descriptive_ analytic one and was conducted as a survey and statistical sample consisted of 64 subjects including top managers and sport management professors at physical education organization. Data is collected by research designed questionnaire. Its reliability (α=.95) is obtained after its validity confirmation (by professors). In this article the most important factors affecting sport entrepreneurship, both as an interdisciplinary field in the world, are studied. Initially, infrastructures are identified for entrepreneurial opportunities in sports and related problems become known so that identifying factors for social, cultural, and economical development to entrepreneurs will be a smooth path, because sport entrepreneurship, given its effective roles in business development, welfare, health development, and participation in various aspects of society, can also play a crucial role in the development of the country. Finally, some solutions for developing entrepreneurial sport are introduced.
Keyvan Zahedi
Abstract
The present paper follows two aims: first it will look into the process, and not the history of the evolution of interdisciplinary approaches, and second it will present exaptational evolution as the complementary phase based on foresight management. Hence it will be demonstrated that the interdisciplinary ...
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The present paper follows two aims: first it will look into the process, and not the history of the evolution of interdisciplinary approaches, and second it will present exaptational evolution as the complementary phase based on foresight management. Hence it will be demonstrated that the interdisciplinary process has already surpassed the mode 1 methodology and is currently completing and the mode 2 methodology. It will also be suggested that the evolution so far has been an adaptational one, will become exaptational within a framework that the author terms engaging engineering. Thus the paper will review the distinctions made within the broader interdisciplinary field, investigate its motivation and explain Raison d’étre of the approach, discuss the challenges in its way, offer the required features and last but not least explore the author’s proposal to enhance efficiency in its consolidation and expansion.
Hedayat-Ollah Etemadizadeh; Ahmadreza Nasr; Mohamadjavad Liaghatdar
Abstract
Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary education and interdisciplinary curricula are increasingly used in Higher Education field. These terms are used with or interchangeably with similar terms such as multi-disciplinarity, pluridisciplinarity crossdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Although interdisciplinary ...
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Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary education and interdisciplinary curricula are increasingly used in Higher Education field. These terms are used with or interchangeably with similar terms such as multi-disciplinarity, pluridisciplinarity crossdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Although interdisciplinary approach to curriculum lost its significance in last decades and disciplinary approached was focused for about two decades, but the ideas of interdisciplinary and integrated curricula are not new ones and are rooted in the thoughts of the previous scholars who were famous for their concerns about unity of knowledge, forming coherence, general and all-inclusive knowledge. In this paper while offering theoric and historical views on interdaisciplinarity, interdisciplinary approach to curriculum, academic disciplines, a variety of possible combinations of disciplines across curricula, a sociological criticism about disciplinary curriculum, a biological explanation for interdisciplinary curriculum, models, strategies, advantages, and pitfalls of interdisciplinary curriculum are discussed.
Abbas Bazargan
Abstract
Availability of capital, manpower and substantial materials were, in the past, taken into account as the main factor for development programs in the many societies in all over the world. But since the dawn of new millennium, knowledge, spreading and usage of the knowledge has a high efficacious position ...
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Availability of capital, manpower and substantial materials were, in the past, taken into account as the main factor for development programs in the many societies in all over the world. But since the dawn of new millennium, knowledge, spreading and usage of the knowledge has a high efficacious position on the destiny of countries. Hence, the value and position of higher education is inevitable and those kinds of the curriculum and educational planning that are compatible with the diverse and variable needs in societies, would be in priority. In the beginning of paper, first, the aim of evaluation in curriculum would be discussed. Then the evaluation criteria would be reviewed and finally four stages of evaluation of curriculum will be explained.
Abstract
Planning is one of the human occupations in his social life but its conception has been changed along with social changes. Today, university planning is facing crisis regarding its complex situation: so liner approach in planning cant anwer to the university systems reform and perception. In most "developing ...
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Planning is one of the human occupations in his social life but its conception has been changed along with social changes. Today, university planning is facing crisis regarding its complex situation: so liner approach in planning cant anwer to the university systems reform and perception. In most "developing countries", imitation approach from the industrial specific and unique situation. The important thing is planning thought which attend to past, present and future dynamic communication in university situation. if until now future was an important thing for the planning, after this, dialectic of past, present and future will be determine in planning. Planning thought with emphasize on university dynamic realities based on their background profit from different science and techniques for planning in university development therefore the planning for the university development has been situated in the interdisciplinary area. This article, delibrate on university complex systems and critique liner approach in higher education and universities planning; So, in this study planning thought is examining as an interdisciplinary and creative issue in the development planning of university.
Jafar Tofighi; Hamid Javedani
Abstract
Complexity of interdisciplinary concept, which is a result of complex nature of sciences and various theories, calls for more scrutiny on quality, background as well as concepts and approaches related to this issue. Therefore, a better understanding of interdisciplinary courses requires exploration of ...
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Complexity of interdisciplinary concept, which is a result of complex nature of sciences and various theories, calls for more scrutiny on quality, background as well as concepts and approaches related to this issue. Therefore, a better understanding of interdisciplinary courses requires exploration of the concept of interdisciplinary studies which constitute the first part of this paper. In fact, many theorists maintain that shortcomings of interdisciplinary studies as well as complexity of issues facing human society and paradigm changes in human society which pave the way for transition from an industrial to a knowledge-based society, are major issues related to interdisciplinary courses which should be explored. The second part of this paper stresses on conceptualizations regarding interdisciplinary courses which have been written on the basis of different approaches including, inter alia, alternating, normative, and epistemological approaches which lead to different conceptualizations on interdisciplinary courses. Despite those differences in conceptualization on interdisciplinary courses, they have a common point: the necessity of attending to interdisciplinary studies in order to solve complex human problems. Genealogy and Background studies, which can play a great role in better understanding of interdisciplinary courses and differentiate them from pre-disciplinary studies, focus on factors affecting developments in this scientific area which includes typology of interdisciplinary courses.
