Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract This article seeks to show how the fourth industrial revolution provided a ground for various innovations which in turn affected the traditional paradigm of the government planning. The article has resorted to the previous literature on the impact of technologies and the transformation in planning systems. An analytical synthesis of existing literature and its application in the planning has been taken into account. Findings indicate that the 7th Development Plan requires fundamental revisions in terms of paradigm changes caused by cyber-physical systems. In other words, cyber-physical systems have created new requirements and conditions so that traditional planning organizations change their direction towards Administrative Data and Big Data Analytics and move towards a new concept of administration, i.e. the government as a provider of information-communication platforms, and in general transform their administrative structure and human resources. This paradigm shift covers a wide range including the source of knowledge for planning as well as structures and processes of that planning. This transformation encounters government planning organizations with difficulties, that is, either they accept the paradigm shift or collapse. The article proposes a "Cyber intelligent planning and data mining organization" with the combination of the program and budget organization and the recruitment organization in order to track the transfer of planning tasks to the civil-professional sector and social entrepreneurship in public policymaking and the separation of the program from the central planning organizations.

Abstract Interdisciplinarity is a sign of crisis in traditional approaches to the science, conventional models of planning and curriculum, and customary academic departments. The aim of this article is contextualizing of interdisciplinarization, its driving forces, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities and requirements; emphasizing the planning in higher education .The research method is qualitative meta-analysis. Eight factors have been studied as following: 1.functional and structural changes in science, 2.paradigmic evolutions, 3.changing information and communication technologies, 4.change of external expectations in science, 5.changes caused by demand pull, 6.globalization, 7.institutional changes and 8.technology factor.  Capabilities and limitations of disciplinarily and Interdisciplinarity have been compared. Frontier science is a forerunner approach for developing the social world based on the knowledge, and this is not possible without interdisciplinarity paradigm and network view. In spite of that interdisciplinary fields have many efficiencies, we ought to be considerate in it due to its vulnerabilities. Seven strategic requirements for educational and research activities together with their executive mechanism have been found. Finally the interdisciplinarization need to a complex approach in the philosophy of science that synthesizes differences and similarities of the sciences. 

Abstract Review and study how and type of planning system of higher education, is considered constant and serious. According to the needs and circumstances ,a variety of ideas, over time, have raised. In this article ,interdisciplinary approach including it's concepts, applications, conditions ,requirements and challenges by using of theoretical and analytic method has been studied. Results have indicated that the wide range of conceptual approaches, multiple levels and requirements .Despite of being numerous problems and complexity, it could be used in higher education ,an one effective approach , among or beside others, to address the new requirements and needs.