Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Like philosophy of natural sciences, philosophy of social sciences begins with questioning of the meaning of science and the criterion of scientific explanation. Although in the former, just similar to the latter, the epistemological abstractive discussions are divergent, the practice of science is not. But in the sphere of social sciences the practice also lakes convergence and the community of scientists does not share the same scientific criteria of scientificity. The problematic of this article is that, in the realm of social sciences, what exactly scientists are pursuing and searching for when they are producing science. Usually, there are, at least, three responses to that question: cause, reason, and meaning. Describing, analyzing, and criticizing those epistemological positions, each of which is a well-known school in philosophy of social sciences, I will try to demonstrate that none of these criteria is able to pretend an absolute dominance in scientific explanation. However, this does not mean that they have all the same value and weight. The hypothesis is that, in theoretical analysis as well as in scientific practice, causal explanation, investigation of reason, and inquiry concerning meaning, are respectively more important and functional in scientific explanation in the area of social sciences. In many works of the most prominent social scientists, we can find some sort of combination of these different points of view that reflect this hierarchy of criteria.

Abstract Different aspects of the poetry of Hafez have been studied so far.  The material and non-material features of his poetry have been examined in different fields such as literature and anthropology. Due to the influence and importance of Hafez’s poetry, it seems that it can be studied from the perspective of other fields as well. Communications science is among these fields, dealing with how and why communications are established between the speaker and the audience. In the present article the nonverbal aspects in the poetry of Hafez are studied. It seems that the verbal aspects of his poetry are not the only factors that have made it remain popular with the audience through generations; nonverbal aspects have played a great part as well. This article aims to examine the literary work in terms of nonverbal communications in order to demonstrate the skill of the poet in establishing communications with its audience beyond the boundaries of speech; the poet’s mastery over this feature is also culturally interpreted. The utilized method is qualitative content analysis.

Abstract Religious places are always considered as important by believers. It is due to people’s faithful belief as well as specific spatial, meaningful structure; signs; and symbols which are in such places. In a non-religious viewpoint, the spatial analysis of these places indicates how the followers of the religion interact with these places. Therefore, it is possible to find common parameters in religious places such as: glorious structures, high ceilings, culmination of human art in every aspect, special practices in these places. The importance of these places is so much that the continuation of the religions was impossible without them in the history. Thus, spatial analysis of these special places will contribute to a two-dimensional understanding of the place (space) and human. Grand mosque – as the only Kiblah for Muslims and the most important structure in the Islamic world – has similarities and differences in comparison with other important religious structures. Among theconsiderable differences are its simplicity and avoidance of any art boasting and human creativity. Spatial analysis of the mosque indicates somehow the abstract of the Islamic Worldview about God, mankind, universe, life, death, and complicated relations between such concepts and basic words of human life.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Transhumanism, as a philosophical and scientific movement, utilizes modern technologies to overcome human biological and cognitive limitations. These transformations, while offering opportunities, have also created challenges in the realms of meaning, identity, and human values. The aim of this research is to examine the effects of transhumanism on the crisis of meaning and to propose strategies for managing these changes.

Method: This research was conducted using a qualitative and analytical-descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentary studies and content analysis of credible sources in the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology, and technology. A comparative method was used to analyze different perspectives on the impact of transhumanist technologies on human meaning and identity.

Findings: Transhumanist technologies have extensive effects on meaning, identity, and lived human experiences. Reducing death and biological limitations may alter motivation and meaning in life. Enhanced cognitive and physical abilities could also transform individual and social identity. Unequal access to these technologies may create new social divides.

Conclusion: The impact of transhumanism on human meaning and identity is multidimensional and cannot be evaluated as purely positive or negative. While these transformations provide unprecedented opportunities for human advancement, they also bring profound philosophical and ethical challenges. Managing these changes requires precise policymaking, the development of new ethical and philosophical frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Societies must pay attention to adapting to these transformations and take measures to reduce inequalities and preserve human values.