Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Theorizing in interdisciplinary domains of the humanities and social sciences is considerably more demanding than disciplinary theorizing within these fields. Beyond a theoretical framework and research methodology—both indispensable for any form of theorizing—interdisciplinary theorizing requires a range of additional contextual, cognitive, cultural, and personal conditions. This article seeks to conceptualize and articulate these conditions as the requirements and preconditions of interdisciplinary theorizing. The central question guiding the study is: apart from theoretical frameworks and methods (which are not the focus of this article), what requirements and preconditions are necessary for interdisciplinary theorizing in the humanities and social sciences? The article classifies these requirements into four interrelated domains: scientific, cultural, cognitive, and personal. Scientific requirements pertain to principles governing knowledge production and research practices. Cultural requirements refer to institutionalized attitudes, dispositions, and modes of conduct that shape scholarly behavior and outlooks. Cognitive requirements encompass mental, linguistic, and intellectual capacities essential to theorizing. Personal requirements address the psychological traits, motivational orientations, and personality characteristics of the theorist. In this study, “requirements and preconditions” denote the capacities, competencies, and characteristics necessary for effective interdisciplinary theorizing. Methodologically, the research employs interpretive phenomenology and conceptual modeling.

Abstract Contemporary academic research increasingly addresses problems that exceed the analytical capacity of a single discipline and therefore require diverse forms of disciplinary interaction. Although multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity have been widely examined, the quality and logic of knowledge integration within these frameworks remain in need of more precise conceptual clarification. This article focuses on three relatively underexplored yet fundamental concepts—hybridization, amalgamation, and interdisciplinary rituals—and aims to develop an analytical framework for a deeper understanding of disciplinary integration processes. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on conceptual analysis and a systematic review of relevant theoretical literature, with key works selected purposively for their conceptual relevance to disciplinary interaction models. The findings indicate that hybridization represents an in-between and often unstable mode of interaction among disciplines, enabling dialogue and cognitive exchange without full integration. In contrast, amalgamation refers to deeper and more stable forms of knowledge integration that result in the emergence of new wholes with novel properties. Furthermore, interdisciplinary rituals, understood as recurring practices in collaborative research contexts, play a significant role in stabilizing shared language and fostering collective research identity. The analysis demonstrates that the analytical application of hybridization and amalgamation is largely confined to the frameworks of multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity. A clear distinction between these concepts contributes to the theoretical refinement and qualitative evaluation of integrative research practices.

Abstract In interdisciplinary studies focused on contemporization, a comprehensive model that accounts for all its existential dimensions is still lacking. Accordingly, this article aims to explain and classify the discourse of contemporization within interdisciplinary theoretical studies, assess the capacities (strengths and weaknesses) of various academic disciplines in understanding and adapting to the process of contemporization, and examine the impact of integrating different fields of knowledge—through an interdisciplinary approach—on enhancing the understanding of contemporization.This study employs content analysis using an inductive reasoning approach, combined with a systematic literature review. A quantitative–qualitative content analysis was conducted on Persian-language sources related to contemporization. Based on frequency, the reviewed studies are categorized into four domains: architecture and urban planning, art, religion, and literature. Each domain contains subcategories that are thematically aligned with the main research topic. Among these domains, architecture and urban planning—having the highest number of core topics—has played a pioneering role in this field. Another major contribution of this study is the presentation of a model for the discourse of contemporization.The findings indicate that contemporization is an uneven process, as the pace at which different fields of knowledge adapt to contemporary developments varies, leading to asynchronicity and, consequently, incompatibility. Although individual disciplines demonstrate limited capacity for comprehensively understanding the process of contemporization on their own, interdisciplinary interaction at three levels—fundamental, methodological, and applied—enhances the overall capacity of the system. The four scientific domains can contribute to the process of contemporization in two fundamental ways: first, by redefining the dialectical relationship between tradition and modernity within their specialized fields; and second, by acting as cultural translators that render abstract concepts of modernity into a language accessible to society.

Abstract The sense of place, as an inherently interdisciplinary and multilayered concept, occupies a central position in understanding human lived experience. This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs comparative analysis to examine the factors that shape the sense of place within the realms of architecture and cinema. By leveraging the analytical capacities of interdisciplinary inquiry, it proposes a comprehensive framework for interpreting this phenomenon. The primary objective of this research is to explicate the common foundations of sense of place within an interdisciplinary approach. This study serves as an example of applying an interdisciplinary approach in the humanities, contributing both to the development of interdisciplinary research methodology and to a deeper understanding of the concept of sense of place. In this regard, three levels, physical, activity-based, and semantic, have been selected as the main dimensions of analysis. The results demonstrate that despite the media differences between architecture and cinema, the mechanisms of sense of place formation in both domains follow a similar pattern and lead to an integrated experience through the interaction of physical, behavioral, and semantic elements. This research emphasizes the synergistic capacity of architecture and cinema in creating meaningful and narrative-oriented spaces, and introduces the interdisciplinary approach as an effective tool for understanding the complexities of place experience in contemporary cultural and social contexts.

Abstract Reuben Hersh, an American mathematician and philosopher, presented his humanistic perspective with a critical view of traditional schools of the philosophy of mathematics. This interdisciplinary perspective is considered among the valuable and influential viewpoints of late philosophy, contrasting dominant traditional philosophies. From the point of view of a philosopher of science, he endeavored to connect mathematics to the human world through his influential views. His innovation lies in presenting a picture of the mathematical life—a picture that is evidence that a humanist or social-historical account is truer to real life than traditional accounts. Since humanistic philosophy links mathematics with people, society, and history, the impact of this perspective will play a significant role in revising, refining, and transforming conventional traditional views of mathematics as a mere scientific tool. In this paper, through an analytical-descriptive approach, we aim to trace the footprint of a sociological theory by the American sociologist, Erving Goffman, within Hersh's humanistic perspective—an approach that has the capacity to create an interdisciplinary foundation. Mathematics, like other social institutions, has its "front" and "back. Acceptance of  the mathematical myths that Hersh unveils depends on whether one is located in the front or the  back of mathematics.

Abstract Electoral debates, their content, and the manner of their conduct have long attracted attention across various sectors of society, particularly among researchers, due to their lasting effects on the public. This study aims to identify psychological operations tactics and their deployment by candidates in Iran’s presidential election campaigns, employing an interdisciplinary approach. The central research question is: Which psychological operations tactics and methods did the candidates of the twelfth presidential election of Iran use against their rivals during the debates? To collect and analyze debate data, both qualitative and quantitative content analysis methods were employed. In this approach, data were purposefully gathered, categorized, and analyzed based on indicators derived from theoretical frameworks. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, political psychology serves as the theoretical framework of the study. Findings indicate that the candidates employed 45 tactics, some of which constitute psychological operations. These tactics can be categorized under two main dimensions: first, defensive–offensive tactics, and second, explanatory–demonstrative tactics. Among these, the identification and conceptualization of new tactics—such as the “I’ll tell, I’ll tell!” tactic, threats of legal action, and the use of evidence or witnesses—represent the innovative contributions of this study. The results further suggest that the debate process comprises two content layers. The primary layer is guided by more experienced figures with significant executive responsibilities, while the secondary layer is generally represented by less experienced individuals without notable executive backgrounds.
Keywords: Iran, presidential elections, debate, psychological operations, interdisciplinary 

Abstract Interdisciplinary studies emerged in the second half of the twentieth century as an academic response to theoretical and research challenges that single disciplines could not adequately address. Within the social sciences, where issues are complex and deeply intertwined, such approaches have gained particular significance. Consequently, the latter half of the twentieth century witnessed the development of multiple interdisciplinary fields. One of these is mathematical sociology, which bridges sociology and mathematics. Its aim is to provide meaning to seemingly unrelated bodies of social data, to render social processes more tangible, and to contribute to the precise construction of theoretical frameworks in sociology. Although initial explorations at the intersection of sociology and mathematics began in the early second half of the twentieth century, the institutionalization of mathematical sociology as a distinct field only took shape toward the end of that century. Despite more than fifty years of research in this domain, however, the field has received little attention within Iranian academia. This article, employing a descriptive–analytical approach and drawing on scholarly sources, reviews the relationship between mathematics and sociology. It emphasizes the critical role of mathematics in sociology and argues for the establishment of mathematical sociology as an academic discipline in Iran. The discussion first outlines the broader context of interdisciplinary studies, then situates mathematical sociology within this framework, and finally explores the applications of mathematics in sociological analysis. Despite existing contributions, mathematical sociology remains underdeveloped and has been largely overlooked by both sociologists and mathematicians. In Iran, this neglect is so pronounced that, despite its significance, mathematical sociology has not yet been introduced even as a university course.

Abstract This article examines the experiences of transgender individuals in Isfahan and argues that gender reassignment is not a linear or complete process, but rather an unfinished and suspended condition that is continuously negotiated at the intersections of family, religion, law, and medicine. The study draws on more than eighty hours of in-depth interviews with fifteen transgender participants and participatory ethnography conducted in group therapy sessions, collective camps, and everyday contexts. These lived experiences are analyzed in dialogue with the perspective of legal and psychological professionals to illuminate their institutional context. The methodology combines thematic and narrative analysis: basic themes were derived from participants’ narratives and subsequently reframed conceptually in dialogue with sociology of law, social psychology, and gender studies. This interpretive process was refined through months of reflexive engagement with the field. Findings suggest that “suspension” does not signify the absence of identity, but rather an institutional and social condition in which individuals must navigate contradictory procedures to secure recognition of their stabilized selves. The process of gender reassignment in Isfahan is shaped both by the city’s particular socio-cultural environment and by the broader medico-legal discourse at the national level. By bridging Foucauldian analyses of power/knowledge with George Herbert Mead’s interpretive account of the self-in-interaction, this study extends the theoretical project of scholars such as Afsaneh Najmabadi. It demonstrates how transgender subjects, through “micropolitics of survival” and everyday strategies, reclaim agency within these intersecting structures of regulation and continually reconstitute their identities.

Abstract In recent decades, philosophers of science have addressed the question of how science is influenced and shaped by values. This view stands in contrast to the ideal of “value-free science,” which considers the internal involvement of non-cognitive values in scientific practice to be detrimental. Today, however, this ideal has been widely criticized and is regarded as flawed. It is now accepted that values and value judgments intervene in various stages of scientific activity—from decision-making about the selection of research projects to the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. The significance of this issue is heightened in futures studies as a value-laden science, since it is a pragmatic, human-centered, and inter/transdisciplinary field that seeks to shape and construct the future. Accordingly, this article examines the place and major roles of values in futures studies to clarify which forms of value involvement are legitimate and which are not. To address this question, two approaches are adopted: 1) presenting a typology of values according to their purposes, and 2) distinguishing between the direct and indirect roles of values. These approaches are then aligned with the literature and foundations of futures studies. Attention to these issues can provide futurists with a framework for understanding the ways in which values and their structures play a role, thereby influencing the quality, credibility, and authority of futures studies.

Abstract The integration of social sciences with the field of energy has led to the emergence of the interdisciplinary knowledge field of energy social sciences in developed countries and its utilization in the field of action. This issue has faced refusal in Iran, the reasons for which we have analyzed in the elecricity industry from the point of view of experts in this field as well as the field of social sciences. Theories and researches have pointed to ideological, institutional, cognitive and capacity barriers. We have done research in this framework and the use of interview-based qualitative methodology in data acquisition and thematic analysis in data analyzing. experts in the electricity industry; Anomic conditions of sustainable development, Organizational culture based on everyday life, predominance of technical-bureaucratic thinking and non-participatory governance and social science experts; Challenges within social science discourse, lack of interdisciplinary approach, lack of common discourse context of electricity industry with social sciences and public culture with limiting elements are mentioned as obstacles. In terms of nature; these factors are ideological, institutional, epistemic and capacity that play a role in the fields of governance of industry, university and society. The development of interdisciplinary studies of energy social sciences in Iran requires discourse creation in this framework.

Abstract The connection between photography and history as the most important emerging interdisciplinary issue of the 19th century has been direct but challenging. The characteristics of both disciplines are present in cross-sectional recording of time, emphasis on the objectivity of time (historical text, and photographic record), and quality of reference to the past. After the invention of photography, however, the practice of historical review and retrieval of past memories found a product-oriented quality and and photographs revealed access to historical content as the touch of a seemingly simple everyday object. Therefore, in the present article, based on the historical analysis method, we try to give an ideological link to photography and history based on the views of 20th century philosophers and critics, and respond to this question: Which of the photographic characteristics has been present in the "evolution" and "advancement" of the contemporary history? The importance of this research lies in the fact that photography, while deeply connected to history, is virtually ubiquitous and accessible to the present media and the public, and that is why disciplines such as Modern Social History or Oral History might not have been able to spread without the advent of photography. The result is that the authenticity of historical data is linked to these photographic identities as evidence or an example for objective comparison, and in practice, history today as what happened in a particular time and space is always imbued with the essence of photographic references.

Abstract Postmodern poetry can be considered a suitable reference for archetypal studies due to the features of revealing and deconstructing verbal topics. Considering the frequency of words, combinations, and phrases related to anger, violence, and death in postmodern Persian poetry, the present research attempts to ask the following question: “What is the reason for the exaggerated tendency of postmodern poets to express anger and violence in poetry?” The images of “social anger and violence”, “individual anger and violence”, and “death” are studied in the works of a number of postmodern poets using a descriptive-analytical method and considering an interdisciplinary approach to literature and two domains of social and psychological criticisms. The result showed the plurality of reflections on “violence towards women”, “moral corruption”, and “war”, as well as anomalies such as “drug use” in the social violence section, and “suicide” and “masochism” in the individual violence section result from the pervasive “death thoughts”. “Thinking of death” which is one of the signs of the dominance of the shadow archetype in the human unconscious mind, has become a current thought in postmodern poetry and, as a result, one of the main features of this poetic flow. Postmodern poets have tried to show the darkness and inner anger in society, using isolating and terrifying images related to “death” and also move their poetic process towards darkness and terror, so it can be claimed that among the contemporary poets, those who were unconsciously defeated by the shadow archetype have turned to postmodern poetry.

Abstract For several decades, countries around the world have recognized the significance of development in attaining human excellence, eradicating inequality, and establishing social justice. They have prioritized the pursuit of development goals as the focal point of their macro policies. Since women constitute half of the population, it is crucial to prioritize their education. Higher education plays a key role in shaping human resources, underscoring the significance of promoting women's education and giving due attention to single-sex universities. The current research utilizes a qualitative approach within the interpretivism paradigm, employing the content analysis method to explore the lived experiences of students studying in a single-sex environment of Alzahra University. The research participants are comprised of female undergraduate students, selected through purposive sampling. The findings represent across four dimensions: the individual dimension, which includes aspects such as self-confidence, freedom of expression, respect, a safe and comfortable environment, stress control, good feeling, support, flexibility, feminine feeling, mutual understanding, focus on lessons and academic progress, spirit of questioning, jealousy, and a lack of interest in university, school-like environment, and clothing. Social dimension encompasses harmony, social communication, shared thoughts, and a lack of social communication with the opposite sex. Cultural dimension involves factors such as not allowing education and choosing a university based on values and versatility. The cognitive dimension includes learning topics in a theoretical and non-practical way, a focus on obtaining grades, and a lack of connection with the labor market.

Abstract Entrepreneurial agency, defined as people's ability to discover and exploit business opportunities and create new value, is a complicated notion that necessitates an interdisciplinary approach and the integration of various views. Adopting this approach in the first step requires understanding the knowledge-based agencies and selecting related fields, which in this article is done through the scientometric analysis method. 18060 English-language items from the WOS database were selected and evaluated. The co-citation analysis of sources indicated five major clusters: Sociology, organization and management, agency theory, neuroscience/cognitive science, and psychology. The authors' co-citation analysis revealed seven theoretical groups. The co-occurrence analysis of key phrases and time trends revealed that concepts such as agency theory, human agency, and structure-agency duality originated in the 1970s and 1980s, but newer concepts such as teacher agency and entrepreneurial agency arose more recently. The findings revealed that the concept of agency evokes diverse interpretations depending on the field researched upon. In economics and law, it refers to representation and the principal-agent relationship. In public administration and political science, it refers to an organization or firm that performs a function for another. In philosophy, sociology, psychology, education, cognitive science, and neuroscience, it refers to the capacity, condition, or state of executing an action or exerting power, as well as the human ability to perform conscious and purposeful activities. Finally, to investigate entrepreneurial agency at the individual level, an integrated study of psychology and the social sciences is proposed.

Abstract With due attention to growing need of countries for energy resources, new and diverse topics in the field of law and energy have been designed that strengthen extensive interdisciplinary studies and researches in this field. The legal dimension of the exploitation of energy types, including the protection of the environment, foreign investment, and the creation of legal mechanism at domestic and international levels, energy security, and other issues of countries necessitates interdisciplinary studies and the publication of legal researches related to energy substantially. Energy Law is one of the interdisciplinary majors that have been taken into consideration in faculties of several countries, including Australia, England, the United States, and Canada. The fact that Energy Law as a major can itself be under other specialized courses which increase its value as an academic field and it can be said that the establishment of "Energy Law" as an interdisciplinary major, considering its scope and content in the curriculum of the faculty of law of other countries, including Iran, is undeniable. This article tries to provide an appropriate context for energy law as an interdisciplinary major to the students of law and other related disciplines.  For this purpose, in addition to explaining the concept, characteristics and status of energy, we will examine the principles, elements and levels of this major.

Abstract As an interdisciplinary subject, the study of the environment requires an integrated approach. As a matter of fact, a number of thinkers in this field have used the constructivist approach to study the environmental issues because this emphasizes the role of social factors along with technical and ecological ones in explaining them. With a transtheroretical approach, the aim of the present article is to study the constructivist-interpretative paradigm and determine its cognitive aspects as well as provide a model to study the environmental issues. The paper uses Ritzer's meta-theorizing as a tool to achieve the aforementioned goals. The findings of the study of the intellectual evolution of the constructivism paradigm in classical and contemporary thoughts show that the philosophical foundation of this paradigm is intertwined in the thought of philosophers who emphasize the study of interactions between objects and subjects. This school of sociology is based on the theories of Schutz, Weber, Heidegger, Berger and Luckmann, who studied interactions and social contexts. In the sociological domain, for social issues, specifically environment, thinkers such as Spector and Kitsuse, Loseke, Hannigan, and Yearley used the constructivist perspective to study the discovery, emergence and success of these issues. With the formation of absolute and textual schools in constructivism, this approach turns from pure subjectivism to simply objective and subjective factors. As such, many other thinkers with an integrated insight pointed to multiple levels of social realities as mentioned by Ritzer. The results show that the connection and interaction of environmental issues at principal levels of the paradigmatic model of environmental realities in the constructivist-interpretive theory.

Abstract Historical-cultural places carry a significance that extends beyond their physical attributes; they embody social relationships and values that are important in defining their meaning. Considering this, they require conservation alongside attention to interdisciplinary approaches. Meanwhile, a major obstacle to meaning-based conservation is the communication gap and the conflict of interest among various beneficiaries, indicating a lack of social capital regarding conservation. This article aims to shed light on the process of utilizing social capital as an interdisciplinary phenomenon that can effectively preserve historical and cultural places. The study was done using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library and documentary sources. The findings reveal that the untapped communicative potential of historical and cultural places can be utilized to enhance social structures and reinforce social capital for the purpose of conservation. This method is achievable in urban neighborhoods and when interdisciplinary techniques are applied. In line with the proposed framework, improving the cognitive component of social capital and the network of shared environmental meanings, which includes emotional, cultural, social, and functional categories, result in the development and progression of social values. These include a sense of belonging, commitment, cooperation, and influence, all of which have the potential to stimulate social capital for conservation and cyclically enhance the place-based communication context. In this respect, actions such as promoting cultural awareness, preserving the sensory appeal and memorable aspects of the environment, upholding traditions, enhancing the quality of spaces for social interaction, and supporting local businesses are compulsory.

Abstract This research focuses on the expansion of educational spaces compatible with the teacher-centered method that has caused the lack of improvement of these spaces with the student-oriented instruction methods. The hypothesis is that by applying constructivist approaches and theories of social production of space, school environments can be designed to enhance students’ interactions and active participation in learning that ultimately increases their motivation for education. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and follows a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach as well as uses a developmental method. The educational spaces of three purposefully selected schools are analyzed using various theories. The analysis results in the identification of five types of educational spaces that can support the application of constructivist methods of instruction and promote students' social interactions. The proposed spatial structure includes classroom sets, public spaces, and common areas, aiming to create a spatial convergence and fluidity that prevent spatial disarray. The intention is to move away from teacher-oriented spaces and towards more flexible and open environments that foster social interactions and student engagement. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of how educational spaces can be adapted to facilitate the student-oriented instruction and promote constructivist learning approaches. The findings offer insights into the design principles that can enhance students' motivation and active participation in the education process.

Abstract The current paper examines and conceptually analyzes the issue of academic text and writing through an interdisciplinary approach. It also takes into account various models and theories in conceptualizing text, writing and literacy in the academic writing domain, with an special emphasis on meaning-making and social approaches. The complexity and the extent of existing conceptualizations, in the first place, bring the studies of writing and literacy out of the scope of single-disciplinary studies and present it as interdisciplinary ones. As such, the nature and essence of writing, text, academic writing and literacy identities and models as well as multisensory and multimodal literacy models, which in this paper are contrasted with the stereotyped concept of "writing ability", reveal the fact that writing and literacy, whether in addressing the problem or providing answers to it, possess an interdisciplinary nature. Thus, to emphasize more on the nature of text and the process involved in creating academic writing from an interdisciplinary viewpoint, the paper tries to get the semantic aspect of writing in the light of linguistic and sociological perspectives of the text and knowledge production and consider this type of writing not as a single-discipline and skillful activity but a complex and multifaceted one. Understanding this approach will probably respond to inadequacies of the analysis of each of "writing" discourses with a broader insight, and at the same time, provide more possibilities in the production and exchange of knowledge.

Abstract Economic empowerment is one of the variables affecting women's social health in a society. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the dimension of economic empowerment and social health of female-headed households, especially among self-help and non-self-help groups as an interdisciplinary subject. Theories of social health and empowerment have been used to study the effect of independent variable on dependent ones. The main question of this article is whether there is a relationship between economic empowerment of women household heads and their social health? The research method is survey-based and through a prepared questionnaire. The statistical population is female-headed household members and those under the auspices of the Tehran Welfare Organization who were selected randomly. The sample size is 200 women. Findings showed that the average score of the five dimensions of social health in female-headed households in the self-help group was significantly higher at 95% confidence level than female-headed households in the non-self-employed group. The average score of four dimensions of economic empowerment in female-headed households in the self-help group was higher than non-self-employed female-headed households. Accordingly, based on the outcome, economic empowerment of women in these two groups found to have a significant effect on their social health.

Abstract Literary Theory and Criticism: An Interdisciplinary Textbook is written by Hossein Payendeh as a university textbook for master's degree course in Persian language and literature. It was first published in two volumes in 2018 by SAMT publications. Given the global importance of interdisciplinary studies in literature in recent decades as well as the need of the same in Persian literature, the current article makes an attempt to investigate the extent and manner of the application of interdisciplinary approaches in the aforementioned book. Taking into account historiographical and critical-analytical approaches, we could obtain a history of the theory and literary criticism in the West and then in Iran. This topic has also been presented in the official curriculums of Iranian universities. The form and structure of the book were studied after explaining the prevalence of the literary criticism discourse in Iran. In the section on reviewing the content, while enumerating the most important variables of the book, the relation of topics with the current situation of the theory and literary criticism in the West and Iran was explained and its contents drew the attention in order to confirm interdisciplinary studies in Persian literature. Based on the findings of this article, it can be argued that the publication of Literary Theory and Criticism: An Interdisciplinary Textbookwhile preserving the link with literary theories, indicating a break from those theories and turning attention to interdisciplinary studies in Persian literature. Its publication as an academic textbook can be considered as a turning point in academic literary studies in Iran.

Abstract The inner connection of Persian poetry and literature with painting, which shows commonality in imagination and images, has caused these two domains to have deep attachment and provide a common language and expression to describe forms and meanings of the imaginary world. Iranian poets and painters have used special verbal and visual tools to convey these forms and meanings. This article, with emphasis on metaphor, discusses its role and expressive ability in poetry and painting. In the process, the paper seeks to answer: 1- What are the expressive effects of metaphor in Iranian poetry and painting? 2- How have painters used the capacity of metaphor in their visual expression? The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between the two cultural domains of Iran i.e. poetry and painting, and explain their commonalities, that is, in the world of imagination and images. Another purpose is to identify the type of metaphors and their visual kinds in paintings. This is a descriptive-analytical research in which data have been collected through library and documentation centers. The data indicate that metaphor used in Persian poetry in the form of words and sentences explicitly and implicitly transferred to Iranian painting. In other words, painters expressed these metaphors visually in the form of shapes, colors and textures and thus introduced a new visual identity to express themes.

Abstract Financing sources used in infrastructure project is not merely equity capital, it is rather more debt capital. One of the most practical method in this regard is project finance. Because of two inherent characteristics of project finance- high leverage and non-recourse - it's necessary to consider special contractual rights for lenders. The existence of these rights and taking control over the project lead to high interdependence and nexuses of contract to the extent that we can assert the existence of contractual network in project finance. Contractual networks as a separate nature consider more flexibility to draft project contracts and can help to absorb more investment.

Abstract A university based on a hundred-year history of teacher training centers was founded in the year 2000 under the name of "Farhangian University that the purpose is to provide, train and empower the teachers and staff of the Ministry of Education to provide exemplary citizenship to the community and nurture Iranian citizens. This study was a correlational and correlational study that was conducted on all students of Yazd Farhangian University. The results showed that half of the statistical population was 20 years old and only 16% were married. Also, the mean scores of religious values ​​indexes (61.6), goal orientation (67.5) and organizational citizenship behavior (82.5) were also between the religious values ​​at work and goal orientation. There is a positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, these two variables accounted for a total of 54% of the changes in organizational citizenship behavior of students at Farhangian University. In this regard, it seems that in order to have future citizens, we need to educate the targeting and spirituality variables in the work and social environment.

Abstract Iran have the longest history of development program among the under developing countries, but it is still a developing country. None of the country development programs including before and after the revolution, has reached its economic goals. Nowadays, the country has not suitable development position among the world countries, but sometime has been witnessed a retreat. The main goal of this paper is analyzing the economic achievements of 70 years’ development programs and their effective factors from the viewpoints of mental structures. Research required data have collected through interview with development planers elites and some documents. Collected data analyzed through grounded theory and inductive reasoning. Findings show that economic goals of development programs have not realized after 70 years.  Because the programs are not based on strong theoretical foundations and in accordance with country natural, economic and social condition. Therefore, People voluntary participation not guaranteed due to lack of democratic structure. Work does not have a significant validity; in spite of low economic weight of country among the world, a large share of world politics is being pursued in this country. The impact of natural, economic and social stabilities on production development does not matter and economics is not considering as an organic phenomenon. Therefore, negative mental structures play an important role in failing to fulfill development programs in Iran.