Subjects = Interdisciplinary
Interdisciplinary

A theory of interdisciplinarity; Introduction and report of a research

Volume 12, Issue 1, Winter 2020, Pages 1-28

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3738.3899

M. Bahrani

Abstract The interdisciplinary approach is a post-development approach. It introduces the idea-norm of responsibility as the teleost of education and research. Without this inter-teleos, all the modern values would be in risk of corruption. But the responsibility itself has limitations. The phenomenological hermeneutics repairs and rectifies these limitations. By amending the inadequacy of responsibility in the interdisciplinary approach, we will be able not to act violently, doing less crimination, exploitation and harming the environment. For us, as people involving in the development process and democratization, to be responsible and to do interdisciplinary is a demanding and troublesome task of all disciplinary contributions. Only by an aggregation of knowledge and morality we can do Interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity begins with promotion and flourishing the self, and flourishing the self needs rationality and criticism. In this research I argue that we need a phenomenological approach toward Interdisciplinarity, so the critiques and condemnations heretofore raised against the positive approach toward it diminish and the interdisciplinary collusion not occurs again.

History

Applying Skinner's methodology to the interpretation of texts of historiography and history of Iranian-Islamic thought

Volume 12, Issue 1, Winter 2020, Pages 29-54

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3744.3904

A.H. Hatami

Abstract Texts of the History of Ideas according to their focus on the mentality of thinkers and theorists of the past have different content and nature than other historiographical texts. Because the mentality of any thinker is influenced by various political, social, historical, economic, religious, philosophical, and cultural components, analyzing such texts requires interdisciplinary tools and methods. Among the methodologies available in this field, Quentin Skinner's intentional-contextual methodology has been one of the most widely used. However, the focus of Skinner's studies has been mainly on political thought, but his methodology is based on interdisciplinary principles and both he and his commentators have applied this methodology in various fields of the humanities. Therefore, in this article, using the analytical-descriptive method, and by providing several examples of historiographical texts and history of Iranian-Islamic thought, the application of Skinner's interdisciplinary methodology in such texts was examined. According to the findings of the article, study of texts of historiography and history of Iranian-Islamic thought, according to the effect they receive from different fields of humanities, requires interdisciplinary methodologies. Thus, given its emphasis on the "intention" of the author, Skinner's interdisciplinary methodology can significantly help to understand these texts, and in particular to critically examine many of them.

Cultural Studies

The Study of Sadegh Hedayat's Documentary and Story Works from the Point of View of Biological Anthropology based on Interdisciplinary Studies

Volume 12, Issue 1, Winter 2020, Pages 83-109

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3559.3752

M. Sajedi Rad, S. Naderi

Abstract Sadegh Hedayat, a contemporary name-writer who achieved fame by presenting a novel way in fiction, relying on biological anthropology to retain his unique content, a collection of essays such as: Myths of Creation" Fathers of Man”, “Turkish Salt”, and “Darkroom” can be counted among them. Biological anthropology is one of the important branches of anthropological knowledge that examines the evolutionary structure of mankind. A few of his works contain some of the ideas of biological anthropology that, with their retrieval, can be found in the heritage of the survival of this knowledge. There are two documentary works that show the sources of guidance in this branch of anthropology. “The human and animal”,  and “Benefits of vegetarianism”, which can be inferred from the depth of his studies in this field. The present study intends to study the capacity of these works from the point of view of biological anthropology and the extent of its services to recognize this knowledge in Iran.

Interdisciplinary

A Qualitative Meta-analysis on Occupation Status of Graduates in Iran

Volume 12, Issue 1, Winter 2020, Pages 145-172

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3466.3679

F. Mansourian Ravandi, M. Ganji, N. Nikkhah Ghamsari

Abstract During the recent years, despite numerous studies conducted in the field of occupation of graduates in the Iran, several dimensions have still remained unknown; hence, conducting a qualitative meta-analysis in this field could reveal the methodological and content characteristics of these studies and identify the research gaps in this field at the same time. Therefore, 92 studies in this field conducted during the period 1978 to 2018 in the form of theses and research papers were investigated through meta-analysis by searching for the two keywords "occupation and graduates" in two scientific databases including "Iran Science and Technology Research Institute (Iran Doc)” and “The Scientific Database of Jahad Daneshgahi”. Examining the studies published over the past few decades showed that investigating the issues related to graduates' occupation mainly involved emphasizing several specific dimensions such as occupation status and inoccupation of graduates, the need to focus on the quality of higher education and curriculum in the university, and highlighting graduate entrepreneurship. With regard to the results of research in this area, the repetition of studies and the lack of a comprehensive study on graduate occupation could be attributed to factors such as disproportionate share of academic disciplines, imbalances in the use of methodological approaches, a lack of theoretical basis that is consistent with conditions of Iranian society, a lack of focus on gender issues and challenges faced by graduates, inadequate attention to issues such as skills development and activities in the cooperative sectors and lack of future-based research.

Interdisciplinary

History of ideas of interdisciplinarity: Transition from an idealistic,iIntegrative approach to a pragmatic, problem-solving one

Volume 11, Issue 4, Summer 2019, Pages 1-32

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3626.3809

Gh. Darzi

Abstract Interdiaciplinarity is one of the most significant phenomena of our time, but it is not an easy task to come up with a coherent and precise definition. Evidently,the reason is the wide variety of opinion among the experts in this field. A historical approach toward the most practical definitions of interdisciplinarity and its different types can be very advantageous in this regard. The present research has aimed to show that that , in its early stage, interdiscipllinarity was merely an idealistic concept which was related to the development of 'unified science'. However, the more we move to the present time, the more tangible problems from the world outside we can deal with.  Three main insights into the concept of interdisciplinary are based on "Epistemic breaches", "degree of integration", and "the purpose of interdisciplinary research" and illustrate the afore-said  conceptual transition. In the latter type, interdisciplinary researches are observed on the basis of their applicability. In the first two types, however, epistemological and knowledge-related issues are at stake. The most recent concept of "Transdisciplinarity" is also entirely based on the degree of applicability and locality of the issues in question. In the first type, we will face "crossing the boundaries of knowledge" and in the second one, we will "cross the field of knowledge". Among these terms, "multidisciplinary" has been far less controversial and there is a relatively good agreement on it. In this way, the co-operation of the disciplines is minimal.

Interdisciplinary

The necessity and feasibility of interdisciplinarity in pre-academic education, the collage of the future of schools

Volume 11, Issue 4, Summer 2019, Pages 69-99

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2020.3557.3750

M. Taheri Demneh, Z. Heidari Darani

Abstract Apart from the fact that the conceptualization and application of interdisciplinary fields are still in midway, most studies in this field have focused on f the university and paid attention to the necessity of establishing an interdisciplinarity at the university. However, academic experience has shown that a student at the university who has not learned interdisciplinary skills before (in a pre-academic period or school), is weak in the understanding and use of interdisciplinarity at the university. From this viewpoint, regardless of the concept of "discipline," which remains a specialized activity in the university, the term "interdisciplinarity" expresses a set of future-oriented skills that have to be from the first stage of human development in the Education Portfolios. This paper is a theoretical and analytical attempt to extend interdisciplinarity in pre-academic literature. In this paper, first the feasibility and necessity of pre-academic interdisciplinarity are studied, and second, some practical solutions are offered to achieve this goal in order to form a collage of the future of the school. This collage is a future image of the schools where the interdisciplinary human achieves skills such as adaptability, teamwork, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving for living in a complex environment.

Interdisciplinary

The Evolution of the Typology of Interdisciplinary Research: A Historical-genealogical Study

Volume 11, Issue 1, Spring 2019, Pages 1-32

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2019.2929.3266

A. Motamedi, M. Yamani Doozi Sorkhabi, A. Khorsandi Taskoh, M. Arefi

Abstract Interdisciplinary research has been developing dramatically in the recent two decades. Reviewing the related literature shows that such research is very important in terms of its methodology and typology. This study aims to compare, describe, and determine different categories of interdisciplinary research considering their historical trends through a documentary research approach in a way other than the ones which have been done so far. This research applies a genealogical perspective to find roots of different categorizations of interdisciplinary research despite all the existing consistency and inconsistency. It also seeks to propose a new dialogue in this regard. The study indicates an overlap between different categories of research. In addition, interdisciplinary research along with changes in the role of universities has emphasized on a structural-practical categorization rather than a structural one in the late 20th century till recent decades. In the same way, the nature of knowledge has changed from an academic one to a post-academic one.

Interdisciplinary

Metaphor and interdisciplinarity: Explaining the metaphors application in the interdisciplinary research

Volume 10, Issue 2, Spring 2018, Pages 1-26

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2018.277

ghasem darzi

Abstract Analogy and metaphor are among figures of speech and play an important role in explaining the complexity. Even though metaphors often are considered among figures of speech but in recent modern years have been used in Scientific discoveries. So we could consider metaphors as a key instrument for removing ambiguity of complex Phenomena. Complexity is a fundamental  Criterion in interdisciplinary studies. So metaphors are very efficient in resolving complexity of interdisciplinary problems. We found six metaphors, as follows, with specific functions in interdisciplinary process: Crossing boundaries, Bridge building, Restructuring, Mapping, Archipelago, and Bilingualism. The four main applications of these metaphors are: 1) Explaining the general meaning of interdisciplinarity; 2) Defining the quality of interaction of disciplines; 3) Determining how to set up a dialogue between disciplines; And 4) Supporting to extract interdisciplinary issues and problems and Research program. With this four applicants we could claim that metaphors are useful instruments throughout the interdisciplinary process.

Interdisciplinary

The Need to Concentrate on Interdisciplinary in Science Classification Systems and Library-Bibliographical Classification Schemas: A Switch from Classical Logic to Fuzzy Logic

Volume 10, Issue 2, Spring 2018, Pages 55-79

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2018.279

M. Cheshmehsohrabi, F. Zarmehr

Abstract Classical classification with two-value logic is the basis of most of the classification schemes, while with the emergence of interdisciplinary sciences, this has become challenging in properly determining their stance in the classification of science. The method adopted in this study is analytic consisting of document analysis and content analysis. In the first, applying the targeted sampling method, the texts and documents related to the subject are assessed and in second, 125 methods (75 science and 50 library-bibliographic classification). The information related to categories, subcategories, indicators, etc. are identified and registered in the checklists. Here, the census method is adopted. As to the 75 classification systems of science, the oldest is the Vedic classification. In relation to Bibliographic Classification Systems, 50 classification systems, they are of four categories of ancient, medieval, new and modern centuries. The study of main categories, and subcategories of classification of science systems and library-bibliographic classification systems indicate that basis of “division of science” or “division of written sources” in these systems are subject or field and interdisciplinary sciences are not considered in an independent manner. Therefore, we are faced with binary, triple, quaternary etc. in most library-bibliographic classification systems and in the classification systems of sciences, which are in fact derived from classical logic. The results of the research indicate that the interdisciplinary science fields lack an independent position in 125 classification systems. In brief, the fuzzy logic is proposed as a substitute methodology and logic in the classification of sciences and library references.

Interdisciplinary

Field of Education as an Irreducible Functional Affair: Analysis of the Field of Education Position in the Field of Power in Iran

Volume 10, Issue 2, Spring 2018, Pages 81-116

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2018.281

F. Mohammadi, M. Noghani, M. Kermani, K. Khaleghpanah

Abstract Organizations, community groups, elites, and government policies in many ways influence the process of future construction, while they are heavily influenced by various scholars. Based on the theories of social status and socialization, and the policy model for the elite of the masses, the future is continually being influenced by the individual and organizational elements that are active in the society, and these individuals and organizations, usually they formulate their actions with scientific justifications, which are taught in interaction with scientists and elites. Moreover, the scientific findings from the efforts of various scholars may be influenced by a set of theories focused on the implementation of the future world. Because these interdisciplinary sciences are the theoretical outcomes of various sciences and technologies, they affect theories and strategies of change and future transformation programs; the effect of the influence of knowledge in the general language, the logic of government agents, and the procedures Behavioral and constructive structure in the process of development of organizations and social institutions. This article discusses how the future is made. The process of constructing the future introduces the ultimate social components, linguistic facts, decision-making and active actors of actors (organizations, people, and elites). These components shape the future reality by influencing interdisciplinary sciences and their mutual influence on it.

Interdisciplinary

Growing Interdisciplinarity: An Overview of the Evolution of the Field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Research

Volume 10, Issue 1, Winter 2018, Pages 1-25

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2018.2373.2818

T. Miremadi

Abstract Here we present an overview of the theoretical evolution of the field of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) research and its implications on the progressive evolution from a single discipline of Neo-classical economics to an interdisciplinary research field with critical and reflective capacity. Research field can be more empowering to offer relevant policy if the integration among the involved disciplines is higher. This overview will help in determining if different paradigmatic turns this field has gone through, during the last 60 years, has prepared the field to offer more salient policy advice to the policymakers for the complex problems. The research unit is "research program" that each theoretical paradigm developed around the notion of "Failure" which justifies the public intervention in STIP space. Drawing on Klein–Welsh classification, the conceptual model was constructed on Fritsch technological instrumentalism-McCarthy's technological essentialism. The findings of this study are: First, this research field has gone through two significant paradigmatic shifts; from instrumentalism to technological essentialism of evolutionary economics and now to interactionism of multi-level perspective approach. Second, these two turns have increased the complexity of the level of analysis, the integrated disciplines and the level of integration within the field. Based on the conceptual framework, the study concludes that the field of STIP is emerging more integrated at the level of its foundations and by being more reflective and critical. It has increased its power to provide more relevant policy prescriptions for wicked problems.

Interdisciplinary

Imperative Participation of Private Sector in Solving Water Crisis: The Role of Transnational Enterprises in Implementation of Right to Water as an Economic and Social Right

Volume 9, Issue 4, Autumn 2017, Pages 91-112

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.1677.2289

N. Rahmannasab Amiri, A. Pourezzat

Abstract The crisis in global natural water will be an issue of concern in this century for several reasons. Some of them are population growth, climate changes and specifically unsustainable use of water resources that makes provision of safe drinking water one of the most important global concerns. As one of the human rights, the right to water will be a major concern. Undoubtedly, states have an international duty to ensure individual’s access to safe drinking water. But solving water crisis and finding further methods to use the water resources more sustainably shall not be attainable without the participation of the private sector. The engagement of transnational enterprises with high financial, technical and human resources from the private sector in water provision and management with respect to the right to water, reveals the importance of reviewing the role and responsibility of private sector, specifically transnational corporations in implementation of right to water.  The present article, choosing interdisciplinary approach, attempts to review the legal and ethical justifications of private enterprises’ responsibility for human right to water as well as determine the nature and scope of such responsibility as a financial entity, not as public interest provider.

Curriculum Planning

Prerequisites and Mechanism of Interdisciplinary Curriculum in University: Strengthening Future Studies for Substantiating the Comprehensive Episteme

Volume 9, Issue 3, Summer 2017, Pages 25-41

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.1937.2480

M. Sobhaninejad, S. Nourabadi

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explain the prerequisites and mechanism of interdisciplinary curriculum in order to realize comprehensive episteme. The research method in this article is analytical-deductive. Two important questions are going to be answered: "1) What are the prerequisites for interdisciplinary curriculum? 2) What is the mechanism for substantiation in the acquired episteme through interdisciplinary curriculum in higher education?" According to the findings, the most important prerequisite for interdisciplinary curriculum is understanding the importance of interdisciplinarity in learner's self-directing. It is necessary for relevant practitioners to realize that the division of subjects into separate syllabus makes it difficult to connect the concept. The current discipline-based curriculum does not provide learners to develop higher cognitive skills, which neglects dimensions of insight and skills of learning. Also, since comprehensive episteme is learning that includes cognition, insight, and skill,the academic curriculum must be conducive so that learners can reach all aspects of comprehensive episteme. The mechanism of interdisciplinary curriculum is to provide opportunity for discussion and thinking. It is also a means for professors to become acquainted with new teaching methods, make assessment of local and national needs, consider the results within the curriculum content and finally apply an appropriate evaluation method. By using interdisciplinary curriculum, it is possible to realize the comprehensive episteme of the university's prominent goals.

Interdisciplinary

Geographical Information System in Iran’s Archaeological Researches; History, Trends and Problems

Volume 9, Issue 3, Summer 2017, Pages 43-65

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.1616.2248

M. Heydarian, H.R. Ghorbani, H. Arab, Sh. Parse

Abstract Geographical information system (GIS) technology  has a variety of facilities and programs based on software features and functionalities. It has been increasingly used within archaeological research contexts over the last 30 years.  The widespread use of this system in archaeology is a product of the proliferation and availability of geographic software programs, advances in computer technology and, abundance of spatial data in archaeology. Iranian archaeology is not an exception to this rule. In recent years many researches and thesis have appropriately used these tools in their studies. This study reviews the necessity of using spatial theories in archaeology and review the application of this system in Iranian archaeology. After reviewing applied activities based on this systems in landscape studies and intra-site applications in Iran , it was clear that archaeologists have not completely identified the capabilities and features of this system. Absence of legitimate uses by geography graduates assisting in archaeological studies are the most important difficulties in the way of GIS in Iranian archaeology. However, other factors such as difficulty of spatial models suitable for all objects and various forms from excavations; the lack of database updates; length of archaeological interpretations of excavations for printing; a great variety of objects, concepts and specific functions; mapping and image analysis; cultural and regional diversity; chronology and historical context; financial deterrents; the lack of consensus among the Iranian archaeologists and so on affect this matter as well. 

Educations

Implications for the Purpose of Scholarship in Social Science in Light of Critical Realism

Volume 9, Issue 3, Summer 2017, Pages 67-91

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.1417

A. Zarei Dehbaghi, S. Zarghami Hamrah, Y. Ghaedi, Kh. Bagheri Noaparast

Abstract The aim of this description-inductive study, is to draw forth implications for the purposes of scholarship in the social science based on critical realism with an emphasis on interdisciplinary studies. Critical realism, from an epistemological insight, is seen as the basis for scholarship references (teaching, research, application and integration) in social science. The results of this research indicate that critical realism, with its emphasis on mind-independent reality and the nature of the criticism of knowledge, focuses on an emancipator training in social science. In research, critical realism stresses philosophy and philosophical self-awareness. Therefore, social science researchers understand the hidden assumptions and outright lies in their own research better. In the field of integration, the emphasis is on understanding the reality on a large scale. Therefore, it recognizes the interdisciplinary science of knowledge and welcomes every science that can better explain and interpret the complex layers of reality. Thus, critical realism, in practice, has the potential to solve social problems thru its perspective on the science of integration. The reason for this is theorizing far from narrow-mindedness while, at the same time, in harmony with the critical realism. This is due to its critical nature which brings knowledge closer to practice.

Interdisciplinary

The Future of Science and Education in the Thought of Seyed Hossein Nasr; An Interdisciplinary Look Towards Process of Rebuilding Knowledge Within the Framework of the Traditionalism

Volume 9, Issue 3, Summer 2017, Pages 93-109

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.2095.2605

R. Mahoozi, M. Etesami

Abstract From the perspective of the new world through criticism, education & cultural manifestation, traditionalism as a strong intellectual current in the contemporary world wants to make new order in the field of culture ,science ,& education. .In the recent decade this current, which is based on a philosophical & mystic tradition, has, found  its role in the minds of many different countries & cultures. Accordingly, the educational and scientific programs related to the contemporary traditionalism which is influenced by ideas of Seyed Hossein Nasr in Iran have been valid. This paper reviews the critics of thought, especially Seyed Hossein Nasr. The  content & structure of modern science and scientific system corresponding to the alternative proposal are discussed in an interdisciplinary approach. Thus on the one hand, responding to the interdisciplinary approach of traditionalisms in contemporary world and on the other hand, alternatively returning to metaphysic tradition and not just the past, provides opportunity to understand the whole system of thought that includes the sciences such as philosophy, theology, mystic, history, psychology , art, politics and the Exacts science . In this article we will try to look at the future of science according to the critical view of Seyed Hossein Nasr towards scientific system. This approach argues that this scientific system is rooted in metaphysics an  inversion of modern era.

Educations

Identity: A Heritage from the Past or a Choice for the Future?

Volume 9, Issue 3, Summer 2017, Pages 111-123

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.2155.2647

N. Taghavian

Abstract Is identity a heritage inherited from the past or a choice for the future? In this question, the concept of ‘time’ is presupposed. Thus, my point of departure is analyzing the concept of time. Then the relation between the concept of time and social theory will be examined to maintain that ‘sociology’ is the science of ‘space’ rather than the science of ‘time. ‘History’, however, is the science of ‘time’ which, in its Hegelian version, has a strong connection with the paradigm of the ‘philosophy of consciousnesses’. This paradigm would not allow sociology to be established, because sociology is the theory of action rather than the theory of consciousness. For this very reason, the establishment of sociology in the late nineteenth century was contemporaneous with the crisis of the philosophy of consciousness. The focal point of this crisis was the concept of ‘subject’, which itself was both the base of modern philosophy and the focus of modern society. But Marx, Nietzsche, Freud and Romanticist Movement radically criticized the concept of ‘subject’ and thus brought about crisis for modern society. The establishment of sociology was a response to such a crisis. It was a turning point by which we became aware of the heaviness and harmfulness of ‘tempocentrism’ and instead point to the usefulness of ‘topocentrism’. After this theoretical discussion, some problems of tempocentristic approach to ‘identity’ in Iranian social science will be referred to show how this approach is laden with the past, and therefore, unable to regard the future. The Iranian social science’s inability to develop an ‘action theory’ seems to be rooted in its tempocentrism. In order to find a way out of this dead-end and open some new horizons in the sphere of theory and practice, the Iranian sociology need to throw down the approach to identity ‘as a heritage from the past’ and adopt it ‘as a choice for the future’. Finally, I will discuss ‘rational identity’ and its relation to social science.

Interdisciplinary

Conceptual Typology of Justice in Urban Planning Theories based on an Interdisciplinary Perspective

Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2017, Pages 1-27

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.248

H. Dadashpoor, N. Alvandipour

Abstract Spatial justice is the ultimate goal for human society and one of the main purposes of urban planning. In its most general sense, it has been accepted with significant popularity among the experts and scholars throughout history. The result is a massive collection of various theories based on the concept of justice in the city. However, due to the interdisciplinary nature of justice, sometimes the implementations of this concept as well as its definitions and explanations do not agree or even they may contradict.Therefore, defining a conceptual typology and clarifying the theoretical route of justice urban theories are the main aims of this paper. To do this, we use systematic review of justice based theories in urban planning and utilize Allmendinger mete-theory framework with five broad categories. Besides defining the framework, it also provides opportunity for theorizing in this field. The present article attempts to explain the essence of justice urban planning theories. In this regard, methods such as Systematic Review, secondary study and typology as quality research strategies are used to collect and analyze the data. Typology study helps the better understanding of this interdisciplinary concept. Therefore, by reviewing all typology of planning theory, justice urban planning theories have been explained, based on the selected one. At the end, this article presents a conceptual frameworkfor better and more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of the principle of justice in urban planning.

Linguistics

disciplinary, interdisciplinary and postdisciplinary: changing disciplinary patterns in linguistics

Volume 9, Issue 1, Winter 2017, Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2017.243

N. Fazeli, F. Koushki

Abstract The fundamental change in language research, which started with Saussure in the early twentieth century and led to the establishment of modern linguistics, restricted the said research within the so-called central part of language, i. e., the language system, without taking into consideration anything that was conceived as external to language as an autonomous system. In terms of its clearly-defined theoretical structure and subject, modern linguistics once again became an influential leading discipline in the humanities and social sciences. It achieved a great deal, but its achievements took place at the cost of isolating language from its environment and excluding the user of language and the context in which language is used from the scope of linguistic analysis. Although this stance has long been criticized by scholars who prefer to see language within a more extended context, it has generally been ignored by mainstream linguists who dominate linguistic circles. However, in the last few decades of the twentieth century, significant changes have taken place in linguistic studies. These changes have brought about a new era, the era of ″post-modern linguistics″, in which the theoretical foundations of modern linguistics are problematized and the way language is viewed and investigated is profoundly renewed. This article is written in a narrative form describing the linguistic change from modernism to postmodernism and in the course of this review it will become clear in which research perspective the two main linguistics directions (theoretical and applied) are located: disciplinary interdisciplinary and transdisiplinary? In other words what is the object of linguistics research?

Language and Literature

The Multifunctional Approach of Culture Analysis: Developing A Practical Model of Culture Analysis for Language Instruction/Teaching from Linguistic/Pragmatic and Anthropological Perspectives

Volume 9, Issue 1, Winter 2017, Pages 25-48

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2017.238

S. A. Koutlaki, Z. Saeedi

Abstract Culture teaching generally focuses on helping foreign language learners develop an understanding of the culture of the target language and, ideally, positive attitudes towards it. In today’s world, the domination of English in entertainment, mass media and new media may sometimes be accompanied by unbalanced views. This interdisciplinary paper draws upon pragmatics, anthropological and cultural studies findings and shows how they can be utilised in language pedagogy. It argues that in a world where non-native speakers of English outnumber native speakers, culture teaching should widen its aims: in addition to helping learners develop positive attitudes towards and knowledge of the culture of the target language, it should also aim to develop a more explicit understanding of the rules of the learners’ own culture. It focuses on the concepts of communicative competence and pragmatic failure, and then presents a model of analysis of Persian culture, analysing the concept and components of ‘face’ and the principles of politeness in Persian (deference, humility and cordiality). It then demonstrates how this analysis can be used to develop classroom strategies.
Keywords: culture/language teaching, pragmatics, Persian deference/face, anthropology.

Linguistics

Cognitive Socio-Onomastics; A New Domain in Interdisciplinary Studies

Volume 9, Issue 1, Winter 2017, Pages 99-122

https://doi.org/10.22631/isih.2017.2571.2972

B. Zandi, B. Ahmadi

Abstract The present paper aimed to introduce cognitive socio-onomastics, an emerging scientific and research interdisciplinary and a branch of cognitive sociolinguistics. Onomastics has interested linguists as well as philosophers, historians, archeologists, anthropologists, and sociologists. Initially, onomastics was a diachronic field and dealt with the etymology of names. However, sociolinguistics, taking a synchronic approach, brought onomastics to the arena of studying contemporary social relations. Since names are linguistic elements in the linguistic knowledge of the individual, formed in the course of his/her social interactions, they are considered vital elements in the study of language and identity. Also, names are part of the cognitive construction of individuals in societies with plenty of social and linguistic variations. Since neither sociolinguistics nor cognitive linguistics can explain the various aspects of names and naming, combining the knowledge of language and the knowledge of society leads to choosing words and linguistic structures in harmony with the social context. The discussion in the paper leads to the conclusion that "cognitive socio-onomastics," as a scientific research interdisciplinary with a mixed approach, account for both cognitive and social aspects of naming.

Interdisciplinary

Introduction to the Algorithm of Problem Situation Analysis in Justice Research

Volume 9, Issue 1, Winter 2017, Pages 147-166

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2017.247

R. Akbari, M. S. Torabzadeh Jahromi, M. Habibi

Abstract The most basic step in policy analysis is problem structuring. If the problem is not correctly formulated, it will not have the right solution. Misunderstanding of the problem situation or its negligence, as for example in the field of justice, will at best lead to putting forward a good solution to an incorrect problem. Therefore, correct analysis of the conditions of justice issues is necessary for the production of the right solution. Due to the lack of analytical tools in the field of justice decision-making and performance, this article seeks to design an algorithm of problem situation analysis as a tool in a step-by-step analysis of the justice problem situation. The task is carried out through extracting analytical elements and dimensions from justice literature, especially influential theories of justice. The algorithm of problem situation analysis in justice research includes seven dimensions: philosophical foundations, context, actor, the variable of the creator of right, object of distribution, time and result. Decision makers in the analysis of problem situation define their views relative to the elements of each of these dimensions. This work raises self-awareness in the decision-makers and policy-makers in relation to intervention characteristics. With using this algorithm, we can explain what, when, on which view, in what condition, by whom, to whom, with what criteria, and for the realization of which outcome will be or should be distributed.

Law

The Read Out of the Relationship between Law and Ideology in the Light of Interdisciplinary Studies

Volume 8, Issue 4, Autumn 2016, Pages 1-26

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2016.241

F. Daneshvar

Abstract The interaction between law and ideology is both complex and contentious. This stems from differences in opinions on the definitions of the two concepts and the various ways in which ideology and law might be related to one another. Moreover, the existing diversity in the literature concerning ideology takes the biggest share of the blame. Hence, to clarify the relationship between ideology and law, one must first do an interdisciplinary study of the existing approaches towards the concept of ideology, as well as its general and specific definitions, and ultimately, the selected definition of ideology must be presented. The theories regarding the relationship between ideology and law may be divided into three categories, namely, autonomy of law, subordination of law to the ideology, and the influence of ideology. Interdisciplinary studies show that the first theory has not been successful in proving the autonomy of law. Likewise, the second theory has failed to address and respond to substantial issues as to its claims. Lastly, the influence of ideology theory has failed to deal with how ideology has been reciprocally affected by law. Nevertheless, the idea advocating the reciprocal relationship between law and ideology, while assuming a particular meaning of ideology, has drawn our attention to the importance of political and sociological factors in understanding law, highlighting the role of law in changes in the prevailing political culture and the dominant ideology in the society.

Higher Education

Presenting an explanatory Model of Students’ Research Self-Efficacy in Research-Oriented Environment

Volume 8, Issue 4, Autumn 2016, Pages 27-54

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2016.235

A. Yasini, M. Taban

Abstract Research-oriented environments in universities and higher education institutions play an important role in achieving the goals of research in higher education so that it can be expected that if graduate students interact effectively with supervisors, they will have a high sense of efficacy. The main purpose of this study was to present an explanatory model of students’ research self-efficacy in research oriented environments. In this model, the relationship between research-oriented environments, quality of student-supervisor interactions and research self-efficacy was investigated. In terms of the objectives, the research method was of the applied type and regarding collecting data it was descriptive. M.A and PhD graduate students of public universities of western Iran (Ilam, Razi, Luristan, and Kurdistan) constituted the population of the study, of whom 482 students were selected through stratification sampling method. To collect the data, three valid and reliable questionnaires were used. The data was analyzed using path analysis, and the correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between research-oriented environments (r=0.61), quality of student-supervisor interaction (r=0.57) and research self-efficacy (r=0.38). The results indicate that the hypothesized model has complete fit with the observed data. In this model, the direct effect of research training environments on the quality of student-supervisor interaction and research self-efficacy and also their indirect effect on research self-efficacy were significant in a positive way.

Knowledge and Information Science

A Scientometrics and Collaboration Network Analysis of the Quarterly Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Volume 8, Issue 4, Autumn 2016, Pages 55-77

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2016.230

M. A. Erfanmanesh, M. Morovati Ardakani

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the collaboration network of authors and institutions in papers published in the quarterly journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities from the first to the 27th issue. Accordingly, the number of publications, authorship patterns, most productive authors and institutions, characteristics of collaboration networks as well as authors’ areas of expertise were studied. To conduct this applied research, scientometric and social network analysis indicators were utilized. Moreover, UCINet software was used for visualization and analysis of scientific collaboration networks. Results of the study revealed that 185 papers written by 272 researchers from 70 institutions have been published in the first 27 issues of the journal. Investigating the collaboration network of researchers showed that they tend to publish individually or collaboratively in small groups. 48.65% of the papers were single-authored and 51.53% weremultiple-authored. Moreover, Shahid Beheshti University, University of Tehran, Tarbiat Modaress University as well as Kharazmi University played the most important and central roles in collaboration network of institutions in the journal. Last but not least, the fields with the highest share of publication in Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities were Educational Sciences, Political Sciences and Management.