Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Citizenship rights are considered one of the most fundamental components of political development in contemporary societies and play a decisive role in strengthening the legitimacy, efficiency, and stability of political systems. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Constitution and the Charter on Citizens’ Rights have provided important legal and institutional capacities for guaranteeing fundamental freedoms, political participation, and public supervision. Nevertheless, the gap between legal texts and practical implementation has caused the realization of these rights to face numerous structural, legal, and cultural challenges. The present study aims to examine the opportunities and challenges related to the realization of citizenship rights and their impact on political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on a qualitative approach, and data were collected through library research and analysis of legal and academic documents. The findings indicate that factors such as the rule of law, political participation, informational transparency, freedom of expression, civil institutions, and public oversight can create the foundations for political development and the enhancement of social capital. In contrast, weak enforcement guarantees, legal contradictions, restrictions on independent civil institutions, lack of a culture of accountability, and insufficient public awareness of citizenship rights are among the major obstacles to political development in Iran. The results suggest that sustainable political development in Iran requires the mutual reinforcement of citizenship rights, accountable institutions, and transparent governance mechanisms. Ultimately, the greater the guarantee and implementation of citizenship rights, the stronger public participation and social trust become, thereby paving the way for sustainable political development.

Abstract The phenomenon of migration, and in particular foreign emigration, is an important social, cultural and demographic issue that needs to be investigated. The purpose of this article is to investigate the views of the Supporters and Opponents of emigration among the Kurdish citizens of Sardasht city, which has been done using the theory of justification systems or regimes of action of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot, which is one of the prominent approaches in the field of cultural sociology. The use of Boltanski and Thévenot's perspectives in both the theoretical section and the interpretation of the interviewees' views, as well as the comparison of the views of the supporters and opponents of immigration, is an innovative aspect of this article. The research method is qualitative and based on a constructivist interpretive approach and an Abductive strategy, employing purposive and snowball sampling methods, and using semi-structured interviews with 26 citizens of Sardasht (13 residents of Sardasht and 13 residents of foreign countries). The findings of the research, based on the six worlds of Boltanski and Thévenot that describe the justification systems of the two groups' pros and cons of Emigration, consist of two distinct reasoning spectra based on six sites including: Inspired, domestic, civic, Fame, market, and industrial'. Ultimately, the rhetoric of the two groups pros and cons of immigration based on the mentioned six worlds can be summarised and categorized in a dialectical combination of "resistance-persistence".
action regimes, cultural sociology, demography, emigration, justification Systems

Abstract In today’s rapidly evolving academic landscape, the emergence of new sciences necessitates a reevaluation of classic theories and concepts through an interdisciplinary lens. One notable field making waves is cognitive science, which offers compelling theories and insights into the workings of the mind and cognitive processes. This has prompted scholars interested in the interplay between cognition and culture to critically assess the contributions of cognitive studies to our understanding of social and cultural phenomena. Among the disciplines affected are the social sciences, particularly sociology. Over the past few decades, sociologists have sought to revise their foundational concepts and theories in light of findings from cognitive science, especially those from cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists. This has led to the establishment of a new interdisciplinary field known as cognitive sociology. However, like any emerging discipline, cognitive sociology grapples with internal tensions stemming from differing perspectives. This article aims to explore the historical approaches and traditions within this nascent field using an analytical-descriptive method. It will demonstrate how adopting a balanced perspective between strong and weak interpretations of the relationship between culture and cognition can foster a productive and synergistic dialogue between sociology and cognitive sciences, ultimately enriching the field of cognitive sociology.

Abstract Debates surrounding memory narratives have become a crucial component of politics, diplomacy, and the global cultural and political system, shaping part of the political and emotional economy of the contemporary world. The "memory turn" has correspondingly heightened attention to memory policymaking as the organization of collective memory by governments and political actors. This article, rooted in an interdisciplinary tradition, provides an overview of memory policy strategies and elaborates on the key concepts and components associated with this type of policymaking (particularly in the context of national calendars). It aims to propose a conceptual model for understanding the interactions between various levels and elements involved in this process. According to this model, memory regimes and their related policies are influenced by four levels:

Supranational (Global Memory): Addressing international influences on collective memory.

Macro (Structural and Historical Constraints): Examining overarching historical and systemic challenges.

Meso (Cultural Variations and Divides): Considering regional or cultural diversities and tensions.

Micro (Individual Interpretations and Choices): Focusing on personal agency and individual memory interpretations.

The intersection of these levels determines the priorities and orientations of memory policymaking. Maintaining balance across these components can reduce memory-related tensions while fostering cultural dynamism and stronger cohesion.

Abstract Sensitive bowel syndrome is considered as one of the coaaaammon psychosomatic diseases in young and sometimes middle age groups, which has a psychological and simultaneously spiritual origin, while including physical symptoms and complications, especially in the digestive system. Considering paradigms, approaches, theories, and also, reviewing experimental studies conducted in the specialized field of sociology of mental illnesses, one confirms that factors and fields effective in the occurrence of sensitive bowel syndrome are beyond the absolute realm of clinical and psychiatric view and, conversely, shows its relevance to sociological and social psychological variables in different levels of social reality. The aim of this study is to discover the representative themes of the components and substrates related to the lived experience of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among 25 men and women aged 19-45 years referring to gastroenterology clinics located in Tehran. Data collection has been done through application of in-depth and semi-structured interview technique while data mining has been performed on the basis of Moustakas method - under descriptive phenomenology. "Pre-illness lived contexts", "persistent physical distress", "complexity of diagnosis and difficulty of palliation", "established social and communication limitations", and "psychological difficulties following the illness" are the five final themes discovered related to various aspects of the IBS disease lived experience among the study informants. The aforementioned themes are second-hand constructs that have been abstracted in the form of moving from the realm of the concrete to the realm of the abstract, as well as following the coding of the interview data, multiple readings of the data, and subsequent revisions and adjustments of the themes. Criticizing Hegemonic medicalized exposure to illness, reducing of the dimensions and angles of the disease to its objective and physical aspect, and subsequently, neglecting the pervasive social, cultural and economic conditions and hardships in the anxious society form the main points of the conclusion of the article.

Abstract Cyberstalking, which is represented by the improper use of communication technologies to harass, threaten, or harassingly monitor other users, is considered one of the emerging forms of destructive behaviors in social networks. The present study, using the situational action theory, examined this phenomenon and the factors affecting it. The main goal of this study is to identify the effects of moral values, self-control, perceived deterrence, and moral context on the occurrence of cyberstalking in the duality of agency and structure. The research method is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population includes students at the University of Tehran. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 304 students from the faculties of the University of Tehran were selected. The research tools include scales of cyberstalking, moral values, self-control, situational morality, and perceived deterrence. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software version 4. The findings showed that Both propensity to deviance (beta coefficient: 0.41) and criminogenic setting (beta coefficient: 0.37) were significantly associated with cyberstalking perpetration. The moderating effect of propensity to deviance on the relationship between criminogenic setting and cyberstalking perpetration (beta coefficient: 0.17) was also significant. The findings indicate the simultaneous importance of agency - moral values and self-control - and structure - the situational morality and perceived deterrence - in the occurrence of cyberstalking. Accordingly, designing educational and cultural interventions with the aim of promoting moral values and strengthening self-control among students seems necessary. Also, a review of supervisory and educational policies is recommended to create a healthier environment in cyberspace.

Abstract Desert and merit are always related to social and natural talents and assets. Each person or organization is morally permitted to benefit from its reserves and capacities from the standpoint that justifies and grants deserve. However, an opposing viewpoint claims that one should benefit from each other's good in a well-ordered society. Rejecting or accepting moral desert in the entrepreneurial environment drives distinct economics and cultural behaviors. As such, the idea of the moral desert is reflected by the behavior of the human resources department of entrepreneurial organizations, the logic of profit, and the distribution of resources. This research aimed to investigate and describe the viewpoints of several actors of the entrepreneurship ecosystem on desert-related issues using the duoethnographic method. These empirical data indicated that the justice concept is often understood, described, and reproduced in meritocratic and libertarian frameworks within the culture of the Iranian startup ecosystem. In this field, the insights of communitarians and theoreticians of liberal equality and deontological liberalism do not have a compelling future. The rethinking and doubts expressed by the parties involved in the research indicated that there is not a significant diversity of opinions on justice in this ecosystem, and there are also challenges to the settlement of justice as a remedial virtue.

Abstract Science visualization techniques can give us better understanding of the structure and patterns of scientific activities. The purpose of this article is to create the co-occurrence network of words and concepts found in indexed articles written by authors active in the field of sociology, in Islamic World Science Citation Database. the goal was to study the level of activity among researchers in sociology and to provide an overview of the hot topics in this field. this research falls under the category of applied research. Utilizing the scientometrics approach, Data was visualized and analyzed using network analysis techniques. The research community includes all sociology journal articles indexed ISC from 1390 to 1400. The analysis of the findings revealed that the thematic network of Iranian sociology has high coherence and the topics of women's studies and religion are the main topics in the Iranian sociology, and based on the indicators of the network analysis, it has high betweenness centrality. To enhance the diversity of Iranian sociology more focus should be placed on neglected areas such as sports sociology medical sociology, and rural sociology. It is important that the scientific network of sociology articles be visualized in future studies. To track changes in publication themes over time. sociological journals could also consider publishing special issues on the neglected fields highlighted in this paper.

Abstract The central question of this paper is to investigate the historical conditions that enabled the emergence and formation of the discourse surrounding "Iranian civilization." In other words, what specific historical circumstances could facilitate the emergence of this particular form of discursive narrative (as opposed to others), and through which accumulations and concentrations of discourse has this new discursive system been produced and sustained up to the present moment? In this regard, the issue will be examined as an initial moment in the birth and development of discursive narratives (zero degree), focusing on the organizing cores of the knowledge-power system that led to the establishment of the theoretical foundations of "Iranian civilization." This analysis will be framed within Michel Foucault's archaeological methodology. By identifying and analyzing this zero-degree discourse, the initial and homogeneous moments of this narrative can be revealed, which are characterized by a lack of differentiation. This approach is reminiscent of Foucault's methodology in History of Madness. Following this process, a new discursive order emerges as a direct result of the accumulation and concentration of propositions surrounding this discourse. Specifically, this accumulation pertains to racially charged [Aryan], anti-Arab, and antiquarian propositions that emphasize a longing for a return to the lost grandeur and magnificence of ancient Iran as central signifiers within the discourse of "Iranian civilization. The concentration of these propositions around the narrative has generated a new discursive order that did not exist at zero degree. This discursive order is characterized by a dualistic formulation of Aryan [Iranian] and Semitic [Arab] as the theoretical foundation for Iranian civilization, thereby laying the groundwork for the emergence of this narrative. Prior to the emergence and hegemonization of Aryan nationalist and anti-Arab discourses—dominant within Iranian romantic nationalism that mourned for lost greatness—such a discursive order based on an Aryan-Semite dichotomy did not exist. This dichotomy later became established as a theoretical foundation for "Iranian civilization," specifically within contemporary narratives about Iranian civilization.

Abstract According to prevalent narratives, firstly, the Iranian revolution was the outcome of the dominance of the religious-traditional part of the society over the modern part. And secondly, it was the same religious-traditional section that took power and had their sway over the Iranian society after the victory of the revolution. This article wants to challenge both of these narratives. From this article’s perspective, the religious-traditional section of pre-revolutionary Iran itself can be divided into political and non-political parts. The discourse of “political Islam” was different from those of traditional and conservative ones which prevailed among large parts of the religion-oriented population of Iran. But the second and more important point is that even the pre-revolution discourse of political Islam did not remain the same, after the revolution and with the establishment of the Islamic Republic in the 1980s. It was found that during the post-revolutionary era, a new discourse was emerging as a result of the conjuncture of the event of war and “Imam Khomeini’s charisma”. This discourse shaped an ideology that gave legitimacy to the Islamic Republic in the sixties, inevitably demanded obedient and conservative subjects and could not remain the same discourse that nurtured rebellious revolutionary subjects prior to the revolution.

Abstract From the Naserite era until now, the body has always been the issue of disputes, conflicts and competition between social groups, political parties and different discourses in Iran. Despite this, studies of the body, in general, the relationship between the political system and the body in Iran, in particular, is a new domain that has not received serious attention from academic circles in the country. The present article is a systematic review of the researches accomplished in this field over the last two decades. Such a study, in addition to providing an analysis of approaches, methods, issues, and findings of these studies, and reviewing the weaknesses and strengths of the existing research, can identify the neglected fields in this domain and lead to a deeper understanding of the issue of the body as a social and political construct in the contemporary Iranian society. As such, relying on the analysis of the content and themes of the available sources, we are looking for a systematic analysis of the problematic, study tradition and methodology of these studies. The findings show that the most basic problem of these researchers is to study the role and place of the body in the process of nation building and modernity in Iran, or the body as a factor of conflict between power (political sovereignty) and Iranian social groups and activists. Also, the tradition of sociology with two theoretical approaches, post-structuralist and structuralist, can be considered as the dominant approach in the studies of politics and the body in Iranian social sciences during the last two decades..

Abstract It is not simple at all to answer as why some people become entrepreneurs while others don't. Most researchers have accepted this puzzle and defined entrepreneurship in various ways, thus, making it a controversial term to develop theories around it. In the midst of contradictory ideas in the field of entrepreneurship, the contribution of social sciences such as sociology and economics is significant. However, their perspectives on the subject differ. Sociology sees individual agency as more significant than social factors, while economics assumes the opposite. This has led to the dual perception of under-socialized and over-socialized, with both being incomplete. This duality can be compared to the blind description of an elephant in the dark - each person touches the elephant from different angles and presents own point of view to refute the other. This article aims to explain this duality and approaches of sociology and economics towards the issue of entrepreneurship. It is theoretical in nature and explores the path that flows between the two opposite poles, using the new economic sociological paradigm. This approach aims to go beyond the duality of under-socialized and over-socialized perceptions, allowing for a better understanding of entrepreneurship in its social and historical contexts.

Abstract This paper seeks to explicate "bio-resistance" in an interdisciplinary perspective inspired by political philosophy, history, anthropology, and sociology. Here the concept of "bio-resistance" is formulated along the lines of thought drawn from an integrated reading of Spinoza and Deleuze. Using the genealogical method and the transcendental empiricism approach, this paper has also undertaken a historical study on the emergence of multitude as a product of the actualization of "bio-resistance". In the contemporary Iranian history, population as the multitude has been realized within the period between the collapse of the old and the blossoming of the new order during Constitutional Movement and Social Movements between1941 and 1953, as well as during in the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In each of these moments, Anjumans, Unions, and Shuras can be regarded as forms of multitude which displayed the collective resistance of subaltern groups against "bio-power". "Existence" is the immanent cause of life, and human beings faced with dangers threatening their existence, tend to be united under a common destiny. "Bio-resistance" is thus a collective political activity in the service of self-preservation, made possible by the transformation of subjugated body-subjects into liberated ones in pure optical and sound situations. The results of this study guide us to three fundamental principles: 1. To exist is to resist; 2. Preservation of existence a political praxis; 3. There can be no individual liberation without a collective effort.

Abstract The present article studies the emergence of the child subject in the Qajar period and theoretically it is based on an interdisciplinary approach to technological studies. With regard to collecting first-hand data, we used the "index paradigm" or "thinking with cases" technique (scrutiny of extra-textual details) whereas for the data analysis, we applied the "thinking the way of thinking" technique (metaphorical analysis). The article is based on the fact that photography technology during the Qajar had been used as a cognitive model to describe the child and how he acquires the knowledge. The child is understood as a flexible and receptive category that records or captures their own perceptions (sensations) and hearings (movements). Seeing the child is passive and hence supervised object, and power (in the sense of fertility and the productivity of subjects) is exercised through photographic epistemology. Supervision means taking care of and controlling everything in the presence of the child; because the presence or "being in front of something" has found a theoretical meaning for children, that is, "impressionability" or imagery. The child records everything before him, like an automatic camera. The article traces the exercise of power through photographic epistemology in places where children are present (home, alleys, library and schools).

Abstract The central issue of Ashraf in reviewing Iran's history is to explain the historical obstacles of the formation of the capitalist system of the bourgeoisie and civil society. Ashraf to Description of the above problem has used the concepts of "Asian system" and "feudal system" in Marx's thoughts, and the concepts of “Patrimonialism” and “the Oriental City” in the sociology of Max Weber. As he has used the native concept of the "Muluk-al-Tawaiifi” to analyze some of the characteristics of the social and political life of the nomadic societies and their effects on social and political life of Iran. Ashraf, one of the representatives of the discourse of democratic and capitalist development pattern based on the role of the middle class or bourgeoisie. Ashraf's views on the historical barriers of Iranian society development are remarkable at three levels of political, social and economic interconnectedness. The dominance of Asian systems and the patrimonial and the Muluk al-Tawaiifi in the political arena, Nomadic, rural, and urban community associations in the social arena And the unity of the methods of agricultural production and handicrafts were the factors that Ashraf has raised as historical obstacles to the realization of feudalism and the growth of "national capitalism" in Iranian history.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to study the Turner's works in the field of sociology of body and its relationship with human rights. Although the study of citizenship has been an important development in contemporary sociology, the nature of rights has been largely ignored. Only in the 1990s the works of Bryan Turner led to the development of a new sociology of human rights. This article defends the claim that human rights is a legitimate subject of inquiry for sociologists. Method of recent article is documentary. Turner sociological studies in the field of medical, body, human rights and religion can be an example of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies in humanities. Turner, in his works has tried to take advantage of concepts and findings of sociology of body, politics and philosophical anthropology, as well as embodiment and vulnerability and find materialist basis for defending human rights universal claims. He knows sociology of body as a basis for the defense of human rights universal concepts and alternative discourse to the natural law tradition. According to him, human rights as an institution beyond citizenship, is a substitute for citizenship and its challenges. In summary, The article argues that a sociology of human rights is very important, because, there are obvious limitations to the idea of citizenship which is based on membership of a nation state. Therefore, human rights as a sociological concept is an important supplement to the existing idea of citizenship.

Abstract Industrial and technological development of Societies and changing land use patterns and mismanagement in harnessing more of the nature, caused to vulnerability of lifecycle, plant and animal organisms and natural landscapes and so formation of sustainable society is in trouble. In this regard, environmental sociology relying on the ecological interpretation is to investigate the environmental problems with using sociological knowledge. Therefore, the new concept of ecological Citizenship is formed that focused on the functionality and responsibility and cultural capital is an important factor in improving citizens' responsibility. In this study, the relationship of ecological citizenship and cultural capital is investigated using the survey method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that utilizes foreign research using exploratory factor analysis of its components have been identified and localization. The Population study is, citizens over 15 years in Tabriz are 670 of them using multi-stage cluster sample and sampling method were selected. The findings show that, ecological citizenship with the 78.57% is relatively good. However, the cultural capital with 52.97% has been somewhat low. Pearson correlation test shows that there is a significant and positive correlation between cultural capital and its dimensions (except Institutionalized dimension) with ecological citizenship. Regression test results show that the three dimensions of cultural capital, could explain 7.4% of the variance of ecological citizenship.

Abstract There are different and at times contradictory concepts  of Charismatic and Farrahmandaneh  authority. Some researchers and translators have used these concepts interchangeably. There are, however, fundamental differences between these two. Based on the three types of authority in Weber`s view, in this article I have tried to clarify the meanings and boundaries of them. To do this, basic dimensions of the three Weberian types of authority are discussed along with Farrahmandaneh authority in order to clarify the status of Farrahmandaneh  authority in Weber`s intellectual system. Since the concept of authority and different forms of it are understood and interpreted in different epistemic systems, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of it and in particular, to compare the types of Weberian authority with Farrahmandaneh  authority, one has to rely on  sociology, political science, and even history and literature. As far as the limits and scope of this article allow, the interdisciplinary nature of this concept has been in the forefront. The results show that despite some similarities, Farrahmandaneh authority has major differences with Charismatic authority. In fact, Farrahmandaneh authority is a kind of traditional authority which due to structural factors contains some dimensions of Charismatic authority as well.
 

Abstract This paper attempts to enter the fields of history, sociology and political sciences and finds a link between their theoretical and practical bases. Therefore, the main concern in this paper is to find the relationship between Anfal (a historical and socio-political event) and modernism (a political-philosophical concept). It attempts to find out if Anfal or the genocide of the Iraqi Kurds has any relationship with modernism and if it can be considered as a by-product of modernism. By explaining the concept of modernism and highlighting the paradoxes in it, this paper examines Anfal vs-a-vis these paradoxes. To answer research questions of the theory of modernism theory and its critical attitude one has to depend on data analysis and use of the descriptive analytical method. The hypothesis in this study is that Anfal is the product of modernism. Findings of the study show that Anfal is the product of the paradoxes in modernism and modernism while encountering Anfal has shown its dark side. Fatalism is an aspect which has developed as a result of instrumental rationality which in itself is an outcome of modernism.The instrumental rationality has brought with itbureaucracy, army and technology as a result of which government fell in the hands of the Baath Partywhich was the direct product of Anfal.

Abstract Participation in physical activity and taking an active lifestyle, depend on the nature of social relationships and internalize the experiences of others, especially significant others.So the aim of this study was to survey the relationship between some factors of socialization of youthathletes of Rasht with the growth sport participation from sociological and physical education perspective.This was a descriptive-survey study. The population included all 15-29 years old youth athlete in Rasht (55807 people).The sample size was400 peoplewho selected through stratified (selecting active athletic fields) and random (selecting athletes and sports clubs) sampling method.The instrument was a researchers-made questionnaire designed based on questionnaires Parsamhr (1389) and Shamsi (1390).Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by ten professors of physical education in University of Guilan and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0/88.Descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that all aspects of socialization are positive and significant relationship with the development of sport participation. Final model of study showed that the weight regression of three factors of sports rate in the family; support family members and the school and teachers, respectively 89/0, 80/0 and 62/0 is the greatest impact factor. Based on the result it seems the family support, either verbal or participation of parents in physical activity, have a major impact on sports participation of childrens. 

Abstract Although increasing number of nose surgery, it's high costs and social damages today has become the most important subject in sociology and psychology, it has never been the subject of literary studies. The aim of this paper is to search the roots of nose surgery in Iran, relying on sociological studies. Descriptive analytic and the library method was used for collecting the data. The scope of study includes the Iranian poetry and the frequency of the face parts used in them. We analyzed the subject in the Hafez sonnets as a valuable sample of Iranian literature.