Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Sensitive bowel syndrome is considered as one of the coaaaammon psychosomatic diseases in young and sometimes middle age groups, which has a psychological and simultaneously spiritual origin, while including physical symptoms and complications, especially in the digestive system. Considering paradigms, approaches, theories, and also, reviewing experimental studies conducted in the specialized field of sociology of mental illnesses, one confirms that factors and fields effective in the occurrence of sensitive bowel syndrome are beyond the absolute realm of clinical and psychiatric view and, conversely, shows its relevance to sociological and social psychological variables in different levels of social reality. The aim of this study is to discover the representative themes of the components and substrates related to the lived experience of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among 25 men and women aged 19-45 years referring to gastroenterology clinics located in Tehran. Data collection has been done through application of in-depth and semi-structured interview technique while data mining has been performed on the basis of Moustakas method - under descriptive phenomenology. "Pre-illness lived contexts", "persistent physical distress", "complexity of diagnosis and difficulty of palliation", "established social and communication limitations", and "psychological difficulties following the illness" are the five final themes discovered related to various aspects of the IBS disease lived experience among the study informants. The aforementioned themes are second-hand constructs that have been abstracted in the form of moving from the realm of the concrete to the realm of the abstract, as well as following the coding of the interview data, multiple readings of the data, and subsequent revisions and adjustments of the themes. Criticizing Hegemonic medicalized exposure to illness, reducing of the dimensions and angles of the disease to its objective and physical aspect, and subsequently, neglecting the pervasive social, cultural and economic conditions and hardships in the anxious society form the main points of the conclusion of the article.

Abstract From the Naserite era until now, the body has always been the issue of disputes, conflicts and competition between social groups, political parties and different discourses in Iran. Despite this, studies of the body, in general, the relationship between the political system and the body in Iran, in particular, is a new domain that has not received serious attention from academic circles in the country. The present article is a systematic review of the researches accomplished in this field over the last two decades. Such a study, in addition to providing an analysis of approaches, methods, issues, and findings of these studies, and reviewing the weaknesses and strengths of the existing research, can identify the neglected fields in this domain and lead to a deeper understanding of the issue of the body as a social and political construct in the contemporary Iranian society. As such, relying on the analysis of the content and themes of the available sources, we are looking for a systematic analysis of the problematic, study tradition and methodology of these studies. The findings show that the most basic problem of these researchers is to study the role and place of the body in the process of nation building and modernity in Iran, or the body as a factor of conflict between power (political sovereignty) and Iranian social groups and activists. Also, the tradition of sociology with two theoretical approaches, post-structuralist and structuralist, can be considered as the dominant approach in the studies of politics and the body in Iranian social sciences during the last two decades..

Abstract The purpose of this article is to study the Turner's works in the field of sociology of body and its relationship with human rights. Although the study of citizenship has been an important development in contemporary sociology, the nature of rights has been largely ignored. Only in the 1990s the works of Bryan Turner led to the development of a new sociology of human rights. This article defends the claim that human rights is a legitimate subject of inquiry for sociologists. Method of recent article is documentary. Turner sociological studies in the field of medical, body, human rights and religion can be an example of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies in humanities. Turner, in his works has tried to take advantage of concepts and findings of sociology of body, politics and philosophical anthropology, as well as embodiment and vulnerability and find materialist basis for defending human rights universal claims. He knows sociology of body as a basis for the defense of human rights universal concepts and alternative discourse to the natural law tradition. According to him, human rights as an institution beyond citizenship, is a substitute for citizenship and its challenges. In summary, The article argues that a sociology of human rights is very important, because, there are obvious limitations to the idea of citizenship which is based on membership of a nation state. Therefore, human rights as a sociological concept is an important supplement to the existing idea of citizenship.

Abstract Although increasing number of nose surgery, it's high costs and social damages today has become the most important subject in sociology and psychology, it has never been the subject of literary studies. The aim of this paper is to search the roots of nose surgery in Iran, relying on sociological studies. Descriptive analytic and the library method was used for collecting the data. The scope of study includes the Iranian poetry and the frequency of the face parts used in them. We analyzed the subject in the Hafez sonnets as a valuable sample of Iranian literature.