Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Citizenship rights are considered one of the most fundamental components of political development in contemporary societies and play a decisive role in strengthening the legitimacy, efficiency, and stability of political systems. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Constitution and the Charter on Citizens’ Rights have provided important legal and institutional capacities for guaranteeing fundamental freedoms, political participation, and public supervision. Nevertheless, the gap between legal texts and practical implementation has caused the realization of these rights to face numerous structural, legal, and cultural challenges. The present study aims to examine the opportunities and challenges related to the realization of citizenship rights and their impact on political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on a qualitative approach, and data were collected through library research and analysis of legal and academic documents. The findings indicate that factors such as the rule of law, political participation, informational transparency, freedom of expression, civil institutions, and public oversight can create the foundations for political development and the enhancement of social capital. In contrast, weak enforcement guarantees, legal contradictions, restrictions on independent civil institutions, lack of a culture of accountability, and insufficient public awareness of citizenship rights are among the major obstacles to political development in Iran. The results suggest that sustainable political development in Iran requires the mutual reinforcement of citizenship rights, accountable institutions, and transparent governance mechanisms. Ultimately, the greater the guarantee and implementation of citizenship rights, the stronger public participation and social trust become, thereby paving the way for sustainable political development.

Abstract This paper seeks to explicate "bio-resistance" in an interdisciplinary perspective inspired by political philosophy, history, anthropology, and sociology. Here the concept of "bio-resistance" is formulated along the lines of thought drawn from an integrated reading of Spinoza and Deleuze. Using the genealogical method and the transcendental empiricism approach, this paper has also undertaken a historical study on the emergence of multitude as a product of the actualization of "bio-resistance". In the contemporary Iranian history, population as the multitude has been realized within the period between the collapse of the old and the blossoming of the new order during Constitutional Movement and Social Movements between1941 and 1953, as well as during in the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In each of these moments, Anjumans, Unions, and Shuras can be regarded as forms of multitude which displayed the collective resistance of subaltern groups against "bio-power". "Existence" is the immanent cause of life, and human beings faced with dangers threatening their existence, tend to be united under a common destiny. "Bio-resistance" is thus a collective political activity in the service of self-preservation, made possible by the transformation of subjugated body-subjects into liberated ones in pure optical and sound situations. The results of this study guide us to three fundamental principles: 1. To exist is to resist; 2. Preservation of existence a political praxis; 3. There can be no individual liberation without a collective effort.

Abstract There are different and at times contradictory concepts  of Charismatic and Farrahmandaneh  authority. Some researchers and translators have used these concepts interchangeably. There are, however, fundamental differences between these two. Based on the three types of authority in Weber`s view, in this article I have tried to clarify the meanings and boundaries of them. To do this, basic dimensions of the three Weberian types of authority are discussed along with Farrahmandaneh authority in order to clarify the status of Farrahmandaneh  authority in Weber`s intellectual system. Since the concept of authority and different forms of it are understood and interpreted in different epistemic systems, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of it and in particular, to compare the types of Weberian authority with Farrahmandaneh  authority, one has to rely on  sociology, political science, and even history and literature. As far as the limits and scope of this article allow, the interdisciplinary nature of this concept has been in the forefront. The results show that despite some similarities, Farrahmandaneh authority has major differences with Charismatic authority. In fact, Farrahmandaneh authority is a kind of traditional authority which due to structural factors contains some dimensions of Charismatic authority as well.