Innovation and Technology
M. Deylam Salehi; A. Pourezzat; M. Amiri; M. Ghasemi Shushdeh
Abstract
The budget or financial plan, as one of the most important tools of the policy-making system and a vital lifeline of the government, has greater impact on directing the future course of a country. It can stimulate the knowledge-based economy and cause the growth and development of the biotechnology sector ...
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The budget or financial plan, as one of the most important tools of the policy-making system and a vital lifeline of the government, has greater impact on directing the future course of a country. It can stimulate the knowledge-based economy and cause the growth and development of the biotechnology sector as one of the top innovations of the present century. The present study is an attempt to investigate and find the coordinates and features of an appropriate budget policy for developing biotechnology in the country. With a combined approach framework, this article uses an analytical method and determines the proposed features through interviews with policy-making, budgeting, and biotechnological experts. Utmost, the components of an appropriate budget policy were extracted in 16 main categories: national division of labor, institutional structural reform, strengthening the biotechnology development center, reforming laws and regulations, reforming the law to protect knowledge-based companies, establishing stability and consistency in laws, reforming the country's budget structure, strengthening the pyramidal role of budget, reforming budgeting methods, operational budgeting, reforming the country's research budget, reforming financial safeguard models, reforming commanding phases, information technology infrastructure, adherence to budget principles, and monitoring of credits spending.
A. Rostamiaan; Gh. Mohammadi Elyasi; M. Amiry; K. Sakhdari
Abstract
This study attempts to present a typology of entrepreneurial identity on the basis of a Habermasian critical approach. To this end, four dimensions of a conceptual framework for a typology of entrepreneurial identity is designated constructed on the duality of emancipatory/instrumental rationality and ...
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This study attempts to present a typology of entrepreneurial identity on the basis of a Habermasian critical approach. To this end, four dimensions of a conceptual framework for a typology of entrepreneurial identity is designated constructed on the duality of emancipatory/instrumental rationality and the duality of individualism/collectivism. Accordingly, four types of entrepreneurial identities are presented: freedom-seeker, independency-seeker, and order-seeker and self-interested. Through a critical appraisal of the role of these identity types in identification of different forms of entrepreneurship, four types of entrepreneurship are introduced in accordance with each identity type: public entrepreneurship, lifestyle entrepreneurship, bureaucratic entrepreneurship, and commercial entrepreneurship. In addition to enriching entrepreneurial identity studies through demonstrating the role of rationality and judgment towards society in the formation of different entrepreneurial identities, this study, relying on fundamental concepts of critical theory, is an inspirational step towards promoting the interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship theory.