Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Document Type : Theoretical Paper

Author

Z. Shafiei

Faculty Member, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2023.4978.4831

Abstract

It is not simple at all to answer as why some people become entrepreneurs while others don't. Most researchers have accepted this puzzle and defined entrepreneurship in various ways, thus, making it a controversial term to develop theories around it. In the midst of contradictory ideas in the field of entrepreneurship, the contribution of social sciences such as sociology and economics is significant. However, their perspectives on the subject differ. Sociology sees individual agency as more significant than social factors, while economics assumes the opposite. This has led to the dual perception of under-socialized and over-socialized, with both being incomplete. This duality can be compared to the blind description of an elephant in the dark - each person touches the elephant from different angles and presents own point of view to refute the other. This article aims to explain this duality and approaches of sociology and economics towards the issue of entrepreneurship. It is theoretical in nature and explores the path that flows between the two opposite poles, using the new economic sociological paradigm. This approach aims to go beyond the duality of under-socialized and over-socialized perceptions, allowing for a better understanding of entrepreneurship in its social and historical contexts.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Sociology

References

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. (1999). Social capital: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.186928

Aldrich, H. (2005). Entrepreneurship. In: N. Smelser & R. Swedberg (Eds), Handbook of economic sociology, 451–477. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Aldrich, H. E., Rosen, B. & Woodward, W. (1987). The impact of social networks on business foundings and profit: a longitudinal study. In Churchill, N. C. et al. (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Aldrich, H., & Fiol, C. (1994), Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645–70. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_5

Aldrich, H., & Waldinger, R. )1990(. Ethnicity and entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 111–35. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.000551

Aldrich, H.E., Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: Sexton, D., Smilor, R. (Eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Ballinger, New York, 3 – 23.

Anderson, A.R., & Miller, C. (2003). Class matters: Human and social capital in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Socio-Economics, 32(1), 17–26. doi: 10.1016/S1053-5357(03)00009-X

Araujo, L., & Easton, G. )1996(. Networks in socioeconomic systems: a critical review. In: Iacobucci, D. (Ed.), Networks in Marketing, SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483327723

Argawal, R., Echambadi, R., Franco, A. M. & Sarkar, M. (2004). Knowledge transfer through inheritance: spin-out generation, development, and survival. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 501–522. doi: 10.2307/20159599

Barber, B. (1995). All economies are “embedded”: the career of a concept, and beyond. Social Research, 62, 387–413.

Barber, B. (1998). Parsons’s second project: The social system. Sources, development and limitations. The American Sociologist, 29(2), 77-82. doi: 10.1007/ s12108-998-1030-y

Baumol, W. J. (1968). Entrepreneurship in economic theory. American Economic Review, 58 (2): 64-71.

Baumol, W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, management and the structure of payoffs. Cambridge, MA and London, England: MIT Press.

Baumol, W.J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5), 893-921. doi: 10.1086/261712

Becker, S., & Gordon, G. (1966). An entrepreneurial theory of formal organizations, part I: Patterns of formal organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11, 315–344.doi: 10.2307/2391160

Beckert, J. (1996). What is sociological about economic sociology? Uncertainty and embeddedness of economic action. Theory and Society, 25, 803–40.doi:10.1007/bf00159817

Beckert, J. (2013). Imagined futures: Fictional expectations in the economy. Theory and society, 42(3), 219-240. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2464088

Berger, P. L. (1986). The Capitalist Revolution. New York: Basic Books.

Biggart, N. W., & Beamish, T. D. (2003). The economic sociology of conventions: Habit, custom, practice, and routine in market order. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 443-464. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100051

Blaug, M. (1998). Entrepreneurship in the history of economic thought. Advances in Austrian Economics, 5, 271-289.

Block, F. (2003), Karl Polanyi and the writing of The Great Transformation, Theory and Society, 32, 275–306. doi: 10.1023/A:1024420102334

Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, J., & Carsrud, A. L. (1995). The dynamics of new business start-ups: person, context and process. In Katz, J. A. and Brockhaus, S. (Eds), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, Vol. 2. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Bögenhold, D., & Fink, M., & Kraus, S. (2014). Integrative entrepreneurship research–bridging the gap between sociological and economic perspectives. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 6(2), 118-139. doi: 10.1504/IJEV.2014.062748

Bottomore, T. (Ed.) (1991). A dictionary of Marxist thought (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

Boutillier, S., & Uzunidis, D. (2014). The theory of the entrepreneur: from heroic to socialised entrepreneurship. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 14, 9-40. doi: 10.3917/jie.014.0009

Brockhaus, R. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 509–520. doi: 10.2307/255515

Brockhaus, R. H., & Horwitz, P. S. )1986(. The psychology of the entrepreneur. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, ed. DL Sexton, RW Smilor, 25–48. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Brüderl, J., & Preisendörfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded businesses. Small Business Economics, 10, 213–25. doi: 10.1023/A:1007997102930

Burns, T., & Stalker, G. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock.

Burt, R. (1992), Structural Holes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Burt, R. S. (2000(. The network structure of social capital. In: Sutton, R.I., Staw, B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. doi: 10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1

Cantillon, R. (1931). Essai sur la nature du commerce en general [Essay on the Nature of Trade in General] (H. Higgs, Trans.). London: McMillan. (Original work Published 1755)

Carsrud, A. L., & Johnson, R. W. (1989). Entrepreneurship: a social psychological perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1, 21 – 31. doi: 10.1080/08985628900000003

Carton, R.B., Hofer, C., & Meeks M. D. (1998). The Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship: Operational Definitions of Their Role in Society. Available online: http://sbaer.uca.edr?research/1998/ICSB/ k003.htm.

Casson, M. (2003). The Entrepreneur An Economic Theory. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Casson, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 58, 327-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2004.05.007

Chin, K., & Brauchi, M. W. )1995(. Tens of thousands of women sitting around talking. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal.

Cole, A. H. (1946). An approach to the study of entrepreneurship: a tribute to Edwin F. Gay. The Tasks of Economic History. The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, 6(S1), 1-15. doi:10.1017/S0022050700052876

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. doi:

Cosgel, M. M. (1996). Metaphors, stories, and the entrepreneur in economics. History of Political Economy, 28 (1), 57-76.

Costa, A. M., & Souza, C. S. (2009). Racionalidade econômica e estrutura social: O embeddedness e o ethos do empresário capitalista[Economic rationality and social structure: the embeddedness and the ethos of the capitalist entrepreneur]. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Sociologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Sociologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 14. Retrieved from http://www.sbsociologia.com.br/portal/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=doc_download&gid=3638&Itemid=171

Dacin, M. T., Ventresca, M. J., Beal, B. D. (1999). The embeddedness of organisations: dialogue and directions. J.Manage. 25 (3), 317 – 353. doi: 10.1177/014920639902500304

Dahlstrand, Å. L. (1997). Growth and inventiveness in technology-based spin-off firms. Research Policy. 26(3), 331-344. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00016-4

Davis, S. (1968). Entrepreneurial succession. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13, 402–416. doi: 10.2307/2391050

Dobbin, F., & Dowd, T. J. )1997(. How policy shapes competition: early railroad foundings in Massachusetts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 501–29. doi: 10.2307/2393736

Dodd, S. D., Jack, S., & Anderson, A. (2002). Scottish Entrepreneurial Networks in the International Context, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(4), 7-19. doi: 10.1177/0266242602202005

Easton, G., & Araujo, L. (1986). Networks, bonding and relationships in industrial markets. Industrial Marketing and Purchasing, 1(1), 8–25.

Ebner, A. (2006). Schumpeterian entrepreneurship revisited: Historical specificity and the phases of capitalist development. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 28(3), 315-332. doi: 10.1080/10427710600857849

Edewor, P. A., Abimbola, O. H., & Ajayi, M. P. (2014). An exploration of some sociological approaches to entrepreneurship. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 18-24.

Edmundson, G., Flynn, J., & Glasgall, J. )1996(. Come home little startups: Europe wants its own NASDAQ to capture more IPOs. Business Wk.

Eisenberg, C. (2011). Embedding markets in temporal structures: A challenge to economic sociology and history. Historical Social Research, 36(3), 55-78. doi: 10.12759/hsr.36.2011.3.55-78

Eliasson, G., & Henrekson, M. (2004). William J. Baumol: An entrepreneurial economist on the economics of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 23(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000026049.86377.df

Endres, A. M., & Woods, C. R. (2006). Modern theories of entrepreneurial behavior: A comparison and appraisal. Small Business Economics, 26, 189-202. doi: 10.1007/s11187-004-5608-7

Erickson, B. H., Nosanchuk, T. A., Mostacci, L. & Ford, C. (1978). The flow of crisis information as a probe of work relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 3, 71–87. doi: 10.2307/3339794

Evald, M. R., Clarke, A. H., & Jensen, K. W. (2009). Do direct or indirect relations between incumbent firms and corporate spin-offs affect the performance of spin-offs?, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 1(2), 147–163. doi: 10.1504/IJEV.2009.029101

Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2005). Economics language and assumptions: how theories can become selffulfilling. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 8–24. doi: 10.2307/20159091

Fiet, J. O. (2001). The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, (1), 1-24. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00041-5

Freeman, J. )1986(. Entrepreneurs as organizational products: semiconductor firms and venture capital firms. Adv. Stud. Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Econ. Growth 1,33–52.

Gartner, W. B. (1988). ‘Who is an entrepreneur?’ is the wrong question, American Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 11–32. doi: 10.1177/104225878801200401

Gartner, W. B. (1990). What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Venturing, 5,15–28. doi: 10.1016/0883-9026(90)90023-M

Gartner, W. B. (2001). Is there an elephant in entrepreneurship? Blind assumptions in theory development. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice. 25(4), 27-40. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_11

Gemici, K. (2008). Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness, Socio-Economic Review, 6, 5–33. doi: 10.1093/ser/mwl034

Gereffi, G., & Hempel, L. (1996). Latin America in the global economy: Running faster to stay in place. NACLA Report on the Americas, 29(4), 18–27. doi: 10.1080/10714839.1996.11722897

Gibb, A. A., & Ritchie, J. (1981). Understanding the process of starting small businesses, European Journal of Small Business, 1, 26–45. doi: 10.1177/026624268200100102

Glade, W. P. (1967). Approaches to a theory of entrepreneurial formation. Explorations in Economic History, 4(3), 245-259.

Glancey, K.S., & McQuaid, R. W. (2000). Non-Economic Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. In: Campling, J. (eds) Entrepreneurial Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. doi: 10.1057/9780333981245_7

Graça, J. C. (2012). Acerca da instabilidade da condição da sociologia econômica[About the instability of economic sociology]. Análise Social, 47(1), 4-27. Retrieved from http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1332346101B4nRF0fh4Rb24QU2.pdf

Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–80.

Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. doi: 2780199

Granovetter, M. (1992). Problems and Explanation in Economic Sociology. Networks and Organisations, Harvard Business School Press.

Granovetter, M. (2002). A theoretical agenda for economic sociology. In M. F. Guillén, R. Collins, P. England, & M. Meyer (Eds.), New economic sociology: The developments in an emerging field , 35-60. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. doi: 10.7758/9781610442602

Hansen, E. (1995). Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(4), 7–21. doi: 10.1177/104225879501900402

Harland, C. M. (1995). Networks and globalisation – a review of research. EPSRC Final Report. Grant No. GRK53178. doi: 10.1016/S1478-4092(03)00004-9

Hartmann, H. (1959). Managers and entrepreneurs: A useful distinction? Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 429–451. doi: 10.2307/2390809

Hayek, F. (1948). Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. (2006). The entrepreneur as innovator. Journal of Technology Transfer,31(5), 589-597. doi:10.1007/s10961-006-9060-5

Hills, G. E., Lumpkin, G. T., & Singh, R. P. (1997). Opportunity recognition: perceptions and behaviours of entrepreneurs. In Reynolds, P. D. et al. (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Hirsch, P. & Levin, D. (1999). Umbrella advocates versus validity police: A life cycle model, Organisation Science, 10(2), 199–212.

Hirsch, P. (1972). Processing fads and fashions: An organization-set analysis of cultural industry systems. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 639–659. doi: 10.1086/225192

Hmieleski, K. M., Carr, J. C., & Baron, R. A. (2015). Integrating discovery and creation perspectives of entrepreneurial action: The relative roles of founding CEO human capital, social capital, and psychological capital in contexts of risk versus uncertainty. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(4), 289-312. doi: 10.1002/sej.1208

Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165-187. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2

Hughes, E. C. (1934). Review of Zur Sociologie des Unternehmertums. American Journal of Sociology, 39, 548–549. doi: abs/10.1086/216518

Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: a conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56–88. doi: 10.2307/258823

Jack, S. L., & Anderson, S. L. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process, Journal of Business Venturing, 17(5), 476–87. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3

Jennings, D. F. (1994). Multiple Perspectives of Entrepreneurship. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing.

Jenssen, J. I., & Koenig, H. F. (2002). The effect of social networks on resource access and business start-ups. European planning studies, 10(8), 1039-1046. doi: 10.1080/0965431022000031301

Johannisson, B. (1986). Network strategies: management technology for entrepreneurship and change. International Small Business Journal, 5, 1, 19–30. doi: 10.1177/026624268600500102

Kanbur, S. M. (1980). A note on risk taking, entrepreneurship and Schumpeter. History of Political Economy, 12 (4), 489-498. doi: 10.1215/00182702-12-4-489

Katrishen, F. A., Sandberg, W. R. & Logan, J. E. (1993). Social networks and entrepreneurial performance. In Schnake, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Management Association, Atlanta, GA, November.

Keister, L. (Ed.) (2005). Research in the Sociology of work: Entrepreneurship, 15. Oxford: Elsevier.

Khalil, E. L. (2007). Entrepreneurship and economic theory. In M. Weber (Ed.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought. Frankfurt: Verlag.

King, R.G., & Levine, R. )1993(. Finance, entrepreneurship, and growth. Journal of Monetary Economics. 32, 513–42. doi: 10.1016/0304-3932(93)90028-E

Kirzner, I. (1979). Perception, Opportunity, and Profit: Studies in the Theory of Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kirzner, I. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 60–85. doi: 2729693

Knight, F. (1921). Risk uncertainty and profit. New York: Houghton-Miffin.

Krippner, G. (2001). The elusive market: Embeddedness and the paradigm of economic Sociology. Theory and Society, 30, 775–810. doi: 10.1023/A:1013330324198

Krippner, G. R. (2002). The elusive market: Embeddedness and the paradigm of economic sociology. Theory and Society, 30(6),775-810. doi: 10.1023/A:1013330324198

Krippner, G. R., & Alvarez, A. S. (2007). Embeddedness and the intellectual projects of economic sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 219-240. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131647

Krippner, G., Granovetter, M., Block, F., Biggart, N., Beamish, T., Hsing, Y., Hart, G., Arrighi, G., Mendell, M., Hall, J., Burawoy, M., Vogel, S. and O’Riain, S. (2004). Polanyi Symposium: A conversation on embeddedness. Socio- Economic Review, 2, 109–135.

Landström, H. (2005). Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research. International Studies in Entrepreneurship Series, 8, Springer.

Langlois, R. N., & Cosgel, M. M. (1993). Frank Knight on risk, uncertainty, and the firm: a new interpretation. Economic inquiry, 31(3), 456-465. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb01305.x

Lechner, C. & Dowling, M. (2003). Firm networks: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15, 1–26. doi: 10.1080/08985620210159220

Lee, R. H. (1949). Occupational invasion, succession, and accommodation of the Chinese of Butte, Montana. American Journal of Sociology, 55, 50–58. doi: 10.1177/019791838001400102

Lie, J. (1991). Embedding Polanyi’s market society. Sociological Perspectives, 34(2), 219-35. doi: 10.2307/1388992

Light, I., & Rosenstein, C. )1995(. Race, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship in Urban America. Contemporary Sociology, 25(5),673. doi: 10.2307/2077589

Lin, N. )1999(. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22, 28-51. doi: 10.4324/9781315129457-1

Lin, N., & Dumin, M. (1986). Access to occupations through social ties. Social networks, 8(4), 365-385. doi: 10.1016/0378-8733(86)90003-1

Litzinger, W. (1963). Entrepreneurial prototype in bank management: A comparative study of branch bank managers. Academy of Management Journal, 6, 36–45. doi: 10.2307/254875

Lounsbury, M., & Glynn, M. A. (2001). Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 545-564. doi: 10.1002/smj.188

Low, M. R, & Abrahamson, E. (1997). Movements, bandwagons, and clones: industry evolution and the entrepreneurial process, Journal of Business Venturing, 12,435-57. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00001-3

Low, M.B. (2001). The adolescence of entrepreneurship: specification of purpose, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 25(4), 17-25. doi: 10.1177/104225870102500402

Luiz, J. M. (2010). Economic perspectives of entrepreneurship BT - Frontiers in Entrepreneurship. In B. Urban (Ed.), 63–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04502-8_3

MacMillan, I. C., Sexton, D. L., & Smilor, R. W. (1986). Progress in research on corporate venturing. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (Pp. 241-263). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing.

Marsden, P. V., & Campbell, K. E. (1984). Measuring tie strength. Social forces, 63(2), 482-501. doi: 10.2307/2579058

Martin, D. T. (1979). Alternative views of Mengerian entrepreneurship. History of Political Economy, 11(2), 271-285. doi: 10.1215/00182702-11-2-271

Martinelli, A. )1994(. Entrepreneurship and management. In The Handbook of Economic Sociology, ed. N.J. Smelser, R. Swedberg, 476–503. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

McKeever, E., Anderson, A., & Jack, S. (2014). Social embeddedness in entrepreneurship research: The importance of context and community. In E. Chell & M. Karataş-Özkan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 222-236. doi: 10.4337/9781849809245.00022

Menger, C. (1950). Principles of Economics. Translation of the first edition (1871) and edited by James Dingwall and Burt F. Hoselitz. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.

Miller, D. T. (1999). The norm of self-interest. American Psychologist, 54(12), 1053–1060. doi: 10.1016/S1529-2096(01)03013-9

Mönsted, M. (1995). Process and structures of networks: reflections on methodology. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7, 193–213. doi: 10.1080/08985629500000013

Montanye, J. A. (2006). Entrepreneurship. The Independent Review, 10 (4), 549-571.

Murray, S. O., Rankin, J. H., & Magill, D. W. (1981). Strong ties and job information. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 8, 119–36. doi: 10.1177/073088848100800107

Nielsen, R. P., Peters, M. P., & Hisrich, R. D. (1985). Intrapreneurship strategy for internal markets – corporate, non-profit and government institution cases. Strategic Management Journal, 6(2), 181-189. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250060207

Nohria, N., & Eccles, R. G. (1992). Networks and Organisations: Structure, Form and Action. Harvard, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Oke, D. F. (2013). The effect of social network on women entrepreneurs in Nigeria: A case study of Ado-Ekiti Small scale Enterprise. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-14.

Ondrack, D. A. (1973). Emerging occupational values: A review and some findings. Academy of Management Journal, 16, 423–432. doi: 10.2307/255003

Parhankangas, A., & Arenius, P. (2003). From a corporate venture to an independent company: a base for a taxonomy for corporate spin-off firms, Research Policy, 32(3), 463–481.

Parker, S. C. (1996). A time series model of self-employment under uncertainty. Economica, 63, 459-475. doi: 10.2307/2555017

Peterson, R., & Anand, N. (2004). The production of culture perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 311–334. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110557

Peterson, R., & Berger, D. (1971). Entrepreneurship in organizations: Evidence from the popular music industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 97–106. doi: 10.2307/2391293

Raud-Mattedi, C. H. J. (2005). Análise crítica da sociologia econômica de Mark Granovetter: Os limites de uma leitura do mercado em termos de redes e imbricação [Critical analysis of Marx Granovetter's Economic Sociology: the limits of a market reading in terms of networks and imbrication]. Política & Sociedade, 4(6), 59-82. doi: 10.5007/%25x

Reddy, W. (1984). The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750–1900, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511549922

Reisman, D. (2004). Schumpeter’s Market: Enterprise and Evolution. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Reynolds, P. D, & White S. )1997(. The Entrepreneurial Process: Economic Growth, Men, Women, and Minorities. Westport, CT:Quorum. doi: 10.2307/2666986

Reynolds, P. D. (1991). Sociology and Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Contributions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 47–70. doi: 10.1177/104225879201600205

Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., & Camp, M. (1999). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor – 1999 Executive Report. Wellesley, MA/London/Kansas City: Babson College, London Business School and Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4860.6247

Reynolds, P., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. (2002). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2002 Executive Monitor. London: London Business School. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1977.0409

Rocha, V. C. (2012). The Entrepreneur in Economic Theory: From an Invisible Man Toward a New Research Field. In FEP Working Papers, Economics and Management; Univestity of Porto: Porto, Portugalia.

Ruef, M., & Lounsbury, M. (2007). Introduction: The sociology of entrepreneurship. In The sociology of entrepreneurship. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1016/S0733-558X(06)25001-8

Santarelli, E., & Pesciarelli, E. (1990). The emergence of a vision: the development of Schumpeter’s theory of entrepreneurship. History of Political Economy, 22(4), 677-696. doi: 10.1215/00182702-22-4-677

Sarapata, A., & Wesolowski, W. (1961). The evaluation of occupations by Warsaw inhabitants. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 581–591. doi: abs/10.1086/223007

Schultz, T.W. (1980). Investment in entrepreneurial ability. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 82: 437- 448. doi: 10.2307/3439676

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (first edition in German: 1911).

Scott, W. R. )2003(. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems (5th edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Shane, S. )1993(. Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 59–73

Shane, S. )1996(. Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988. Journal of Management. 22(5):747–81.

Shapero, A. (1984) The entrepreneurial event, in C.A. Kent, (ed.), The Environment for Entrepreneurship, 21–40, Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath.

Shapero, A. C. & Sokol, L. (1982). Some social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In N. F. Krueger (ed.), Entrepreneurship: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 91-111. New York: Routledge.

Shaver K. G., & Scott L. R. )1991(. Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory Pract. 16(2), 2-16. doi: 10.1177/104225879201600204

Simsek, Z., Lubatkin, M. H., & Floyd, S. W. (2003). Inter-firm networks and entrepreneurial behavior: A structural embedded- ness perspective. Journal of Management, 29(3), 427-442. doi: 10.1016%2FS0149-2063_03_00018-7

Sine, W., Mitsuhashi, H., & Kirsch, D. (2006). Revisiting Burns and Stalker: Formal structure and new venture performance in emerging economic sectors. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 121–132. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.20785590

Smelser, N. J., & Swedberg, R. (Eds.). (2005). The Handbook of Economic Sociology, Second Edition (STU-Student edition). Princeton University Press. doi: j.ctt2tt8hg

Smith, A. )1991(. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Liberty Press: Indianapolis, IN.

Spring, A., & McDade, B. (1998). African Entrepreneurship: Theory and Reality. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.

Stanfield, J. R. (1986). The Economic Thought of Karl Polanyi. London, Macmillan.

Surangi, H. (2013). Research on Entrepreneur Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. 2^nd International Conference on Humanities, Economics and Geography, 182–186.

Swedberg, R. (Ed.) (2000). Entrepreneurship: The social science view. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thornton, P. (1999). The sociology of entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 19–46. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.19

Tok, M. E., & Kaminski, J. J. (2018). Islam, entrepreneurship, and embeddedness. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(5), 697-705. doi: 10.1002/tie.21970

Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition: the paradox of embeddedness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35–67. doi: 10.2307/2393808

Vale, G. M. V., Wilkinson, J., & Amâncio, R. (2008). Empreendedorismo, inovação e redes: uma nova abordagem [Entrepreneurship, innovation and networks: a new approach]. RAE Eletrônica, 7(1), 1-17. doi: 10.1590/S1676-56482008000100008

Van Praag, M. (1999). Some classic views on entrepreneurship. De Economist, 147 (3), 311-335. doi: 10.1023/A:1003749128457

Villanueva, J., Van de Ven, A. H., & Sapienza, H. J. (2007). Entrepreneurial resource mobilization. Academy of Management Conference Entrepreneurial Division Program, Philadelphia, PA. doi: 10.1002/sej.34

Von Mises, L. V. (1949). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. London: Hodge.

Weber, M. (1930). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. London: G. Allen and Unwin (translated by T. Parson, originally published in 1904–1905).

Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics 13, 27-55. doi: 10.1023/A:1008063200484

White, H. C. )1981(. Where do markets come from? American Journal of Sociology, 87, 517–47.

Whittington, R. (1992). Putting Giddens into action: social systems and managerial agency, Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 693–712. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00685.x

Wholey, D. R, Christianson J. B, & Sanchez, S. M.) 1993(. The effect of physician and corporate interests on the formation of health maintenance organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 99(1),164–200. doi: 10.1086/230232

Wolff, K. (1950). The sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.

Young, N. (1998). The structure and substance of African American entrepreneurial networks: some preliminaryfindings. In: Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Carter, N.M., Manigart, S., Mason, C.M., Meyer, G.D., Shaver, K.G. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Bobson College, Massachusetts, USA, 118 – 131.

Zahra S. A. )1993(. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior: a critique and extension. Entrepreneurship Theory Pract. 17(4), 5–21. doi: 10.1177/104225879301700401

Zajac, E. J., Golden, B. R., & Shortell, S. M. (1991). New organizational forms for enhancing innovation: the case of internal corporate joint ventures. Management Science, 37(2), 170–184.

Zukin, S., & DiMaggio, P. (1990). Introduction, in S. Zukin and P. DiMaggio, (Eds), Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, 1–36.

Name *

Email Address *

Affiliation *

Comments *

Security Code *

CAPTCHA Image

Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Volume 15, Issue 2 - Serial Number 58
April 2023
Pages 63-110

Files

History

Receive Date: 25 November 2022
Revise Date: 24 December 2022
Accept Date: 04 February 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Article View: 946
PDF Download: 168