Mahmoud Talkhabi
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to investigate implications of cognitive science as an interdisciplinary study for educating philosophy of mind. Cognitive science with respect to unified investigation of the mind (UIM), based on its methodology, has created new possibilities in educational planning of philosophy ...
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The goal of this paper is to investigate implications of cognitive science as an interdisciplinary study for educating philosophy of mind. Cognitive science with respect to unified investigation of the mind (UIM), based on its methodology, has created new possibilities in educational planning of philosophy of mind while applying new methods and techniques to teaching. Epistemological assumptions were analyzed to reveal the pedagogic innovation of cognitive science in philosophy of mind instruction. This analysis shows that teaching philosophy of mind should involve both knowledge and skills. Also, it could be an opportunity to take interdisciplinary approach for designing heterogeneous study groups for diversity of competencies and differences of philosophy of mind students. As such, in the UIM, it is argued, with the help of several educational resources, nonlinear problem solving could be utilized; besides explanation that has been usual in philosophy tradition, it is possible to enrich learning experiences of students based on computational simulation and empirical studies (e. g. neuroscience).
Interdisciplinary
A. Zarei Dehbaghi; S. Zarghami Hamrah; Y. Ghaedi; Kh. Bagheri Noaparast
Abstract
The aim of this description-inductive study, is to draw forth implications for the purposes of scholarship in the social science based on critical realism with an emphasis on interdisciplinary studies. Critical realism, from an epistemological insight, is seen as the basis for scholarship references ...
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The aim of this description-inductive study, is to draw forth implications for the purposes of scholarship in the social science based on critical realism with an emphasis on interdisciplinary studies. Critical realism, from an epistemological insight, is seen as the basis for scholarship references (teaching, research, application and integration) in social science. The results of this research indicate that critical realism, with its emphasis on mind-independent reality and the nature of the criticism of knowledge, focuses on an emancipator training in social science. In research, critical realism stresses philosophy and philosophical self-awareness. Therefore, social science researchers understand the hidden assumptions and outright lies in their own research better. In the field of integration, the emphasis is on understanding the reality on a large scale. Therefore, it recognizes the interdisciplinary science of knowledge and welcomes every science that can better explain and interpret the complex layers of reality. Thus, critical realism, in practice, has the potential to solve social problems thru its perspective on the science of integration. The reason for this is theorizing far from narrow-mindedness while, at the same time, in harmony with the critical realism. This is due to its critical nature which brings knowledge closer to practice.
7th Development Plan in Iran
M. Ebrahimi Khusfi; F. Pourasghar Sangachin; Z. Ebrahimi Khusfi
Abstract
Given that natural disasters are unforeseen and unavoidable events, paying attention to these is very important in the country's macro policies and development plans, especially the Seventh Development Plan. For this reason, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the importance and impact of ...
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Given that natural disasters are unforeseen and unavoidable events, paying attention to these is very important in the country's macro policies and development plans, especially the Seventh Development Plan. For this reason, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the importance and impact of disasters on development policies and programs in order to integrate natural disaster considerations into policies and programs of all sectors. Accordingly, in this article, while introducing the basics of natural disasters, some of the most important natural disasters including earthquakes, floods, droughts and dust storms and their effects are reviewed. In order to provide a better understanding of the situation of Iran in the world’s natural disaster risk map, a comparison of Iran's position in the field of natural disasters with 190 other countries has been done using INFORM global index data. According to this report, Iran is ranked 142 and is severely affected by natural disasters and suffers huge losses annually. Therefore, on the eve of the seventh development plan, strategies, policies, programs and measures to reduce the effects and consequences of natural hazards in the framework of disaster risk management and reducing the effects and consequences of each natural hazard should be given special attention. In this article, in addition to analyzing natural disaster management in Iran, some solutions are proposed for the Seventh Development Plan.
Mahbobe Arefi
Abstract
Review and study how and type of planning system of higher education, is considered constant and serious. According to the needs and circumstances ,a variety of ideas, over time, have raised. In this article ,interdisciplinary approach including it's concepts, applications, conditions ,requirements and ...
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Review and study how and type of planning system of higher education, is considered constant and serious. According to the needs and circumstances ,a variety of ideas, over time, have raised. In this article ,interdisciplinary approach including it's concepts, applications, conditions ,requirements and challenges by using of theoretical and analytic method has been studied. Results have indicated that the wide range of conceptual approaches, multiple levels and requirements .Despite of being numerous problems and complexity, it could be used in higher education ,an one effective approach , among or beside others, to address the new requirements and needs.
Gholamhasan Abiri
Abstract
Responsibility of the universities for human capital development faced major difficulties to solve economic – social problems. Iranian graduates from the higher education in the present framework have not covered the needs of our idea logic society. This paper is explanatory one; aim to cover interdisciplinary ...
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Responsibility of the universities for human capital development faced major difficulties to solve economic – social problems. Iranian graduates from the higher education in the present framework have not covered the needs of our idea logic society. This paper is explanatory one; aim to cover interdisciplinary studies as a solution to overcome the difficulties. Logical covering of interdisciplinary weight the aim of coherent among new experts, can help the economic structure of Iran- faced disequilibrium; to direct the country to improve productivity of social- political system. Openness, activation & reflexivity are three principal in higher education, which can help dynamic reactions. Integration of the present knowledge with the creation of new experts, changes the universities structure. These changes at the logical framework should bring confidence among new students for higher studies. Preparation of the society for reactions should increase productivity of social- political system, in order to support a strong economic structure.
Language and Literature
Zahra Hayati
Abstract
The present article tries to study the story Ašghālduni (Dustbin) by Gholāmhossein Sā’edi and the adapted movie Dāyere-ye Minā (The Cycle) by Dāryuš Mehrjuyi with a view to new adaptation theories. Of course, these theories have not yet been consistent and well-established; ...
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The present article tries to study the story Ašghālduni (Dustbin) by Gholāmhossein Sā’edi and the adapted movie Dāyere-ye Minā (The Cycle) by Dāryuš Mehrjuyi with a view to new adaptation theories. Of course, these theories have not yet been consistent and well-established; but its literature is going to evolve, especially its essentials are discussed in the study method of narratology. As an example, this proposition is discussed in theoretical subjects of adaptation that even in the loyal adapted movies, in which the structure of the literary story and the sequence of events in the movie are preserved, some of the semantic functions change because of story entry into the cinematic discourse along with the needs of medium of cinema. For example, the figurative aspect of Sā’edi's story in its adapted movie has been influenced by the scheme and sometimes realism dominates symbolism. Mehrjuyi has organized the events in the discourse of classic cinema in order to encourage the reader to persist the events during a certain time period. The way of timing a movie in terms of a three-screen structure encourages the spectator to follow the events and causes the "scheme" to dominate the "idea". Since the dominance of either scheme or idea creates different themes, it can be said that the very structural change leads somewhat to semantic change. Similarly, the change of Sā’edi's open ending narrative to a close one prevents the audience to participate in re-making the fictional fate of Ali; the sort that exists in a literary text.
Ghasem Darzi; Ahad Faramarz Gharamaleki; Mansour Pahlevan
Abstract
Multifaceted phenomena, issues and also prevention of reductionism have forced scholars to interdisciplinary studies. For these reasons the holy Quran has been taken into consideration nowadays. Researchers, because of the novelty of interdisciplinary studies, pay attention to them based on their impressions ...
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Multifaceted phenomena, issues and also prevention of reductionism have forced scholars to interdisciplinary studies. For these reasons the holy Quran has been taken into consideration nowadays. Researchers, because of the novelty of interdisciplinary studies, pay attention to them based on their impressions of interdisciplinary studies. This issue makes the coherent definition of interdicsiplinarity and the expression of its Quranic typologies necessary. In fact we could consider the Integration as the main criterion for achieving Intrerdisciplinary studies. Therefore we will three kinds of interdisciplinrity: multi-disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and meta-disciplinarity. Each of these has various forms of which a system of these kinds we can touch to a more coherent interdisciplinary studies toward Holy Quran.
H. Jamali; V. Zolfaghari
Abstract
Modern Brazil (in the early years of the second decade of the 21st century), as the tenth biggest economy of the world and the second biggest country to attract foreign investment and also as a member of the third generation of newly industrialized countries (NICs), is treading the path of development ...
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Modern Brazil (in the early years of the second decade of the 21st century), as the tenth biggest economy of the world and the second biggest country to attract foreign investment and also as a member of the third generation of newly industrialized countries (NICs), is treading the path of development and progress. One of the important issues in Brazil has been the relationship between economic development and political development in the past decades. This relationship has grown in importance, especially since the 1960s, when the military people gained political power through a coup d’état, and for a short time brought about an economic growth, mostly referred to as ‘the Brazilin miracle’. The uneven process of development in the late 1970s during the debt crisis, the formation of the elective, democratic government in the mid-1980s and the relatively sustainable development in the 1990s and 2000s, add considerably to the significance of the relation between political development and economic development. The present article mainly aims to study these trends and relationships analytically and historically. The main idea in this article is that the trend of the economic development of Brazil has been inconsistent and unsustainable due to lack of political development, and that a relative balance between political development and economic development would result in a more sustainable development and stability in both arenas.
Gholamreza Kazemian; Majid Haghighi
Abstract
It is for some years that urban management major is conducted in some Iranian famous universities. The goal of the major is to educate students to become good urban managers because the city is a complex system that contains a lot of unexpected variables. Although this major conducted for some years, ...
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It is for some years that urban management major is conducted in some Iranian famous universities. The goal of the major is to educate students to become good urban managers because the city is a complex system that contains a lot of unexpected variables. Although this major conducted for some years, but there is still ambiguities among expertise and executive associations about its essence. Furthermore it seems that this major has a lot of gap with a preferred interdisciplinary major and therefore lots of the obligations of interdisciplinary majors are not considered. This paper has three goals, first determining the nature of urban management major; second, studying the essences and obligations of the major as an interdisciplinary and challenges of its current situation; and third, developing an analytical framework for the philosophy of urban management major in Iran. The research methods that used are observation, theoretical and comparative study, surveying and interviewing with urban experts and managers. The results emphasis that interdisciplinary nature should be of more concern in our universities. Also, findings show that lots of interdisciplinary mandates such as professors, educational methods and syllabus are not dedicated for specific nature of urban management and should be revised. Based on the theoretical framework, the essence of urban management in Iran has four pillars that are the need of urban management organizations to a comprehensive major, the possibility of resolving lots of currnt urban challenges and problems, non-comprehensiveness of other majors that is related to cities and finally successful experience of conducting urban management major in abroad universities. The essence and validity of all these items are approved.
Ahmad Aghazade; Ghodsi Ahghar; Reza Fazlalizade
Abstract
The goal of the research Analytical and Comparative study of characteristics curriculum higher education for Distance studies in Iran and England and India In this study the similarities and differences of curriculum characteristics of higher education institutions in these countries from a distance ...
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The goal of the research Analytical and Comparative study of characteristics curriculum higher education for Distance studies in Iran and England and India In this study the similarities and differences of curriculum characteristics of higher education institutions in these countries from a distance in order to improve the Iranian education system of comparison. Comparative cultural research study by type-descriptive Anatomy descriptive and its methods based on comparative analysis, in accordance with the method and procedures shall be such as brodi Required information for responsiveness to questions through a library of documents and search the global network of original articles and reports on related and Internet sites of the Ministry of higher education and research in developing countries is gathering case study The most important results obtained have shown that the use of successful experiences in the developing countries and its localization and drawing the landscape of higher education from a distance due to raise the power of selecting students, promotion of innovation and action fronts and be remote education system accordingly to the necessity of integrated approach on Integrated and methods of distance learning and paying attention to the fundamentals, and This system students individual differences in axial and educational emphasis on design.
Mohammad Samiei
Abstract
In response to the necessity of change and modernization, the hawza has employed a sort of interdisciplinary methodology, using some channels to communicate modern resources. This research discusses two such channels: hybrid students, who gathered both Islamic and modern knowledge and in this ...
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In response to the necessity of change and modernization, the hawza has employed a sort of interdisciplinary methodology, using some channels to communicate modern resources. This research discusses two such channels: hybrid students, who gathered both Islamic and modern knowledge and in this way they could bring to the hawza their experience and knowledge from outside; and hybrid Islamic institutes which are based within the hawza but are in systematic relations with academic sources as well. This research shows that these two channels were able to considerably enhance the hawza in the realms of education, research and social bonds. The achievements they made are of two types. One is development of the means and styles through using modern technologies and applied sciences; the other is enhancement of methodologies and thoughts by applying modern approaches in the humanities and social sciences. As a final conclusion of this research, it was pointed out that hybrid students and institutes have been much more successful regarding the former rather than the latter. However, the only way available still seems to be continuing this interdisciplinary approach, but through employing a more sophisticated methodology.
Interdisciplinary
Sh. Kasnavi
Abstract
The assessment of any legal system, such as trademark law, requires a comprehensive understanding of that system, and this can be made possible only through awareness of the objectives and foundations of that system. This awareness in trademark law helps us interpret better, especially where there are ...
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The assessment of any legal system, such as trademark law, requires a comprehensive understanding of that system, and this can be made possible only through awareness of the objectives and foundations of that system. This awareness in trademark law helps us interpret better, especially where there are no statutes. Trademark law is highly influenced by both moral and legal issues and the basics of market economy because trademark has fully economic dimensions as well, and the existence of trademark depends on the economic efficiency of the market. This highlights the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach with the aim of understanding this supportive system. Natural law theory and contractual theory legally justify the protection of trademark. Beside these two theories, the search cost theory and incentive of producers, as two important economic factors, justify the protection of trademark even more powerfully. Nonetheless, trademark legal system relies on all these foundations and each of them is necessary to interpret trademark law.
Language Teaching
M. Dahmardeh; A. Nemati Limaee
Abstract
Persia (Iran) is considered one of the oldest civilisations; because of its especial geographical and geopolitical position, economic conditions and numerous other factors, it has always attracted the attention of rulers and natives of other countries. This has resulted into extensive relations between ...
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Persia (Iran) is considered one of the oldest civilisations; because of its especial geographical and geopolitical position, economic conditions and numerous other factors, it has always attracted the attention of rulers and natives of other countries. This has resulted into extensive relations between Persians (Iranians) and other nations throughout history. As a result, along the Persian (Farsi) language which has been used to communicate by different people settled in this territory, as befitting each era, a variety of foreign languages also rose in popularity. Moreover, the issue of teaching and learning foreign languages across this land, especially in recent centuries, has been among the concerns of its inhabitants. Employing historical and linguistic research, this article, which is prepared by scholars of linguistics and history for the very first time in the relevant world literature, aims to discuss the position of foreign languages in Persia (Iran) and the changes in their status in different eras, from the past to the present. The examination of historical and linguistic documents as well as of existing knowledge depicts an impressive picture of the number of languages that were spoken throughout Persian (Iranian) history as well as their diversity.
Humanities and Development
Gh. Ghaffary; M. Jafari Moghadam
Abstract
Underdevelopment is the main problem in developing countries including Iran. This problem always has been concerned of thinker and policy makers after the Islamic Revolution that has created multiple discourses and has made different relations with development planning in different periods. The Period ...
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Underdevelopment is the main problem in developing countries including Iran. This problem always has been concerned of thinker and policy makers after the Islamic Revolution that has created multiple discourses and has made different relations with development planning in different periods. The Period after the Islamic Revolution until 2013 within five social situations was studied based on situational analysis method (logic of the situation) for describing obstacles of development planning. It has been tried to analyze situation of development planning, especially oriented to critical humanities in each period. Actors, institutions and main streams that effect process of planning and making decision have been evaluated. Results show that development planning and modernization processes in Iran face to fundamental challenges in two theoretical (critical rationalism) and practical (social engineering) levels. Success in development planning in terms of epistemology requires realistic understanding of problems, progress humanities and critic thoughts and also it needs gradual reforms, critic of performances and expanding social participation in policy processes in social aspect.
Nasser Taghavian; Yahya Ghaedi; Said Zarghami; Javad Gholami
Abstract
In this article, on the basis of Habermas’ universal pragmatics, we have tried to indicate that empirical pragmatics in linguistics, suffers from ‘normativity deficit’ in the field of foreign language education. What we mean by ‘normativity deficit’, is the lack of normative ...
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In this article, on the basis of Habermas’ universal pragmatics, we have tried to indicate that empirical pragmatics in linguistics, suffers from ‘normativity deficit’ in the field of foreign language education. What we mean by ‘normativity deficit’, is the lack of normative resources required for judging the validity claims inherent in social interactions. Since agreement on the validity claims is fundamental for reaching mutual understanding and establishing linguistic communications, empirical-pragmatic approach, due to its ‘normativity deficit’ would not be able to give proper moral-educational thread to the field of foreign language education.
Hamid Nassaj
Abstract
Although the interdisciplinary as a scientific concept does not have a long history, but as a research procedure, has a long history as of research itself. The question this paper poses is that whether interdisciplinary is a specific area of the Western culture or has a track record in the East and especially ...
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Although the interdisciplinary as a scientific concept does not have a long history, but as a research procedure, has a long history as of research itself. The question this paper poses is that whether interdisciplinary is a specific area of the Western culture or has a track record in the East and especially Iran's history? This paper tried to show thatin addition to the interdisciplinary nature of some of the Iranian intellectual heritage, Poetry and Rhymes can be seen as a field with the function of interdisciplinary. Interdisciplinary functions of poem can be analyzed at three levels: The first level, is topics.The second is the problems. And the third level is the solutions. Persian poetry, though not strictly could be categorized as an interdisciplinary field, but viewing poetry as an emotional activitydue to vanity or vertu is a reductionistviewpoint. And if we look with a Phenomenological approach, regardless of the assumptions made, Poetry is one of the most lasting, deepest and most sacred among various cultural practices and human knowledge through the passage of time and has important functions in the organization of interdisciplinary fields; though it is not exactly an area of interdisciplinary science with discipline.
Philosophy
M. Mardiha
Abstract
Like philosophy of natural sciences, philosophy of social sciences begins with questioning of the meaning of science and the criterion of scientific explanation. Although in the former, just similar to the latter, the epistemological abstractive discussions are divergent, the practice of science is not. ...
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Like philosophy of natural sciences, philosophy of social sciences begins with questioning of the meaning of science and the criterion of scientific explanation. Although in the former, just similar to the latter, the epistemological abstractive discussions are divergent, the practice of science is not. But in the sphere of social sciences the practice also lakes convergence and the community of scientists does not share the same scientific criteria of scientificity. The problematic of this article is that, in the realm of social sciences, what exactly scientists are pursuing and searching for when they are producing science. Usually, there are, at least, three responses to that question: cause, reason, and meaning. Describing, analyzing, and criticizing those epistemological positions, each of which is a well-known school in philosophy of social sciences, I will try to demonstrate that none of these criteria is able to pretend an absolute dominance in scientific explanation. However, this does not mean that they have all the same value and weight. The hypothesis is that, in theoretical analysis as well as in scientific practice, causal explanation, investigation of reason, and inquiry concerning meaning, are respectively more important and functional in scientific explanation in the area of social sciences. In many works of the most prominent social scientists, we can find some sort of combination of these different points of view that reflect this hierarchy of criteria.
Humanities
H. Dadashpoor; N. Alvandipour
Abstract
Regions have challenges with the phenomenon of injustice from many aspects, and in different areas suffer from inappropriate distribution of benefits and lack of suitable access to services. Therefore, regional development, especially in developing countries, has always faced many challenges, including ...
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Regions have challenges with the phenomenon of injustice from many aspects, and in different areas suffer from inappropriate distribution of benefits and lack of suitable access to services. Therefore, regional development, especially in developing countries, has always faced many challenges, including inequality and spatial injustice. In order to overcome these challenges, justice-oriented approaches such as territorial justice, environmental justice, and spatial justice have been raised. Therefore, this paper intend to review the scholarly literature of spatial justice on the regional scale to clarify the theoretical ambiguity in this field. The article is based on a systematic review and content analysis strategy. Systematic review is a second-order analysis that seeks to not only synthesizes the results of prior works, but also to reflect upon the processes within those researches. Methods such as open coding were used to collect and analyze the data. As a result, by using both systematic review and content analysis, the subject matter is explicated and organized, and thus the conceptual background that characterizes the development and change of this issue are discussed. The results indicate that the spatial justice had not been well defined. Existing concepts and approaches were contradictory and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both justice theory and regional theory. To advance this growing field, more conceptual clarity is needed. Also in case, it has been aimed to add relevance and momentum to the literature of spatial justice at regional level by developing a foreground for the future studies.
E. Zarghami; S. M. Behrooz
Abstract
“Space” was architecture’s main keyword between the 1890s and 1960s, but it lost its significance in architecture gradually; this was mainly due to the prevalence of postmodern semiotics and theories of “place” in architecture. Social science however went through an inverse ...
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“Space” was architecture’s main keyword between the 1890s and 1960s, but it lost its significance in architecture gradually; this was mainly due to the prevalence of postmodern semiotics and theories of “place” in architecture. Social science however went through an inverse path. In the nineteenth century, in modern consciousness and through historicism, space became subordinate to time, time became linear, space became marginalized, and the temporal “stages” of development gained importance. Space in this period was a Cartesian/Newtonian abstract notion which was neutral in relation to society, history and context; and thus it was not in the domain of social sciences studies. In twentieth century, however, the social analyses adopted spatiality gradually, to the extent that the late twentieth century transformations in this field were called “the spatial turn”. Through investigating these two lines of evolution, it will be discussed in this article that with the adoption of a relational ontology concerning space and its enrichment through inter- and trans-disciplinary studies, “space”, as a keyword, can continue to be of importance in architectural theory and play a mediating role in its relation with social science.
Geography
E Lashgari Tafreshi; A. Valigholizadeh
Abstract
One of the most important topics have been studied in Cultural geography field, is investigating the relationship between environment conditions and its effects on culture and how their mutual influence on each other. In this regard, some cultural elements are raised by natural geography condition and ...
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One of the most important topics have been studied in Cultural geography field, is investigating the relationship between environment conditions and its effects on culture and how their mutual influence on each other. In this regard, some cultural elements are raised by natural geography condition and is related by natural dimensions and characteristics of geographic space. These ecological characteristics lead formation of the unique cultural landscape of space. In other word, the reasons for the emergence of this symbol culture were related to natural features. For example, many part of the religion function include provide solutions for problems that there are in the place. This trend is terminated to the formation of religious thoughts that particularly is led by natural space. Obviously, Religion in Iran is certainly not the exception in this category, and there is some part of fundamental causes of characteristics Religions in Iran were affected by natural foundations of Iran’s plateau. In this regard, in this paper this question has been proposed, how had been affected natural geographical indexes on religious thoughts before Islam rise and after it? In this research for responding to this question, have been struggled with explanting and analytical approaches, was checked natural fundamental causes of religious thoughts in Iran. Finding research reveals that, natural conditions of Iran plateau or even in the Middle East such as climatologic characteristics or geomorphologic conditions, hydro issues, have been very effective roles on religious thoughts before entering of Islam to Iran and after it.
Interdisciplinary
F. Mohammadi; M. Noghani; M. Kermani; K. Khaleghpanah
Abstract
Organizations, community groups, elites, and government policies in many ways influence the process of future construction, while they are heavily influenced by various scholars. Based on the theories of social status and socialization, and the policy model for the elite of the masses, the future is ...
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Organizations, community groups, elites, and government policies in many ways influence the process of future construction, while they are heavily influenced by various scholars. Based on the theories of social status and socialization, and the policy model for the elite of the masses, the future is continually being influenced by the individual and organizational elements that are active in the society, and these individuals and organizations, usually they formulate their actions with scientific justifications, which are taught in interaction with scientists and elites. Moreover, the scientific findings from the efforts of various scholars may be influenced by a set of theories focused on the implementation of the future world. Because these interdisciplinary sciences are the theoretical outcomes of various sciences and technologies, they affect theories and strategies of change and future transformation programs; the effect of the influence of knowledge in the general language, the logic of government agents, and the procedures Behavioral and constructive structure in the process of development of organizations and social institutions. This article discusses how the future is made. The process of constructing the future introduces the ultimate social components, linguistic facts, decision-making and active actors of actors (organizations, people, and elites). These components shape the future reality by influencing interdisciplinary sciences and their mutual influence on it.
Mohsen Khalili
Abstract
The main goal of planning of political science courses, in addition to training and researching in politics, is enhancing the ability for analysis of political issues, whether domestic or international. The primary objective of all sciences is to expand human knowledge. The discipline of political science ...
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The main goal of planning of political science courses, in addition to training and researching in politics, is enhancing the ability for analysis of political issues, whether domestic or international. The primary objective of all sciences is to expand human knowledge. The discipline of political science is a branch of learning that contributes to the growth of knowledge about politics and helps us learn about political systems and the political behavior of human beings. Research is an important skill required of all political scientists. Research means gathering, processing, and interpreting data. Political science is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary knowledge. So, to learn the skills of researching in politics needs both to conduct and to evaluate research. Students of political science are often required to take one or more modules in research methods. Designing and conducting a research project is usually taught in those courses. On the one hand, the base of political science is theory; on the other hand, question arises as to how we can interrelate and correlate between theory and technique. How we can make the political science more operational and functional? Considering the methodological lessons in B.A. degree of political science (of course in Iran) shows that they are marginal and inadequate. The diversity of academic styles in methodology is ignored, and the existing problematic of the hegemony of methodological monism persists. Given the multi/interdisciplinary nature of political science, the author of this paper suggests that a group of methodological modules in political science be planned. The proposed modules are: the nature and entity of research in political science, qualitative methods in political science, quantitative methods in political science, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of social science, technical writing and research /scientific paper in political science, information seeking skills (library and search strategies in internet), and research workshop in political science.
Interdisciplinary
M. Sajedi Rad; S. Naderi
Abstract
Sadegh Hedayat, a contemporary name-writer who achieved fame by presenting a novel way in fiction, relying on biological anthropology to retain his unique content, a collection of essays such as: Myths of Creation" Fathers of Man”, “Turkish Salt”, and “Darkroom” can be counted ...
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Sadegh Hedayat, a contemporary name-writer who achieved fame by presenting a novel way in fiction, relying on biological anthropology to retain his unique content, a collection of essays such as: Myths of Creation" Fathers of Man”, “Turkish Salt”, and “Darkroom” can be counted among them. Biological anthropology is one of the important branches of anthropological knowledge that examines the evolutionary structure of mankind. A few of his works contain some of the ideas of biological anthropology that, with their retrieval, can be found in the heritage of the survival of this knowledge. There are two documentary works that show the sources of guidance in this branch of anthropology. “The human and animal”, and “Benefits of vegetarianism”, which can be inferred from the depth of his studies in this field. The present study intends to study the capacity of these works from the point of view of biological anthropology and the extent of its services to recognize this knowledge in Iran.
Azimeh Sadat Khakbaz; Nematollah Mosapour
Abstract
During recent years, policy-makers of higher education in Iran have paid special attention to interdisciplinarity and as a result, many different interdisciplinary programs have been established. Assessing these programs could guide one to understand the challenges, preventives, and the points of strength ...
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During recent years, policy-makers of higher education in Iran have paid special attention to interdisciplinarity and as a result, many different interdisciplinary programs have been established. Assessing these programs could guide one to understand the challenges, preventives, and the points of strength and weakness which might help to make improvements in future programming. M.A. program in Mathematics Education is one of the cited programs which is the result of combining Natural Sciences with Education. The present study is focused on this program and attempts to qualify it through observing different graduated people in the field from universities of Beheshti, Bahonar (Kerman), Radjai, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch, and the Kerman Branch) who had graduated before oct. 2008. The research has been conducted through questionnaire, observation, making notes, and interview which have been analyzed by data coding and classification. Results clear the challenges M.A. program in Mathematics Education encounters which could help policy-makers to improve interdisciplines, especially ones which are the result of combining Basic Sciences with Education
Shima Shasti; M. Falamaki; M. Javeheri Pour
Abstract
The confusion in the physical form of the architecture of Tehran today is an obvious fact, even for inexpert spectators. But some fundamental questions arise here: which of the academic disciplines should explain this confusion? Is it the duty of architecture and urbanism, or that of sociology and cultural ...
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The confusion in the physical form of the architecture of Tehran today is an obvious fact, even for inexpert spectators. But some fundamental questions arise here: which of the academic disciplines should explain this confusion? Is it the duty of architecture and urbanism, or that of sociology and cultural studies? Should the political economy of Tehran explain this confusion, or should the pathology of urban management do the job? It seems that an understanding of this problematic cannot be obtained within the confines of each of the above-mentioned disciplines alone, but to understand the nature of this situation we need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach. So, in this article we attempt to take the confusion of the physical form in the architecture of Tehran today into consideration from the point of view of sociological and cultural studies. We think this approach is more useful than the disciplinary approach in discovering the nature of the problematic. In this article we attempt to analyze the relationship between the physical form of the architecture of Tehran today and the cultural and sociological elements. In other words, we want to show that more than being an element dependent on the aesthetic taste or the requirements of architecture engineering, the chaotic change in the architecture of Tehran today is a variable dependent on some cultural and sociological elements.