Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

Abstract Question of methodology is an essential aspect of understanding the social. Often, it is a changed methodology that results in innovative conceptualization in the arena of social sciences. This essay is an attempt to delve into social scientific method of conceptualization. The main question posed is how is an understanding of a concept achieved I. e. , how is it made meaningful to us? Fallowing late Wittgenstein, s ideas, the usually ignored methodology of conceptualization is discussed. Social scientists often do not define concepts properly and hence full into the linguistic caveat that can he called "conceptual reduction". Secondly, we have tried to introduce a new method and framework ''the phenomenological reduction'' that draws a new direction in investing meaning in new terminologies in social sciences. Last, this method is applied in the discussion of the concept of'' politics'' in the linguistic- conceptual network of Muslim thinkers. 

Abstract Political thought is ideas about how to organize the political aspect of the human life. Because of the different aspects of human affairs, interdisciplinary approach will be more useful to understand and study political thoughts. To improve Thomas Spragens’s theory, In this paper we have adopted Skinner's Hermeneutics, psychologicalcriticismandstylisticsas methods fordealingwith political textsandideas; and also Erik Erikson’s life – span theory to studythe role of personality in formation ofpolitical thinkers’ ideas. 

Abstract Postcolonial studies is a new discipline dealing with non-Western countries and their cultures, which fall within the scope of cultural studies. This critical approach refers to a set of theoretical attitudes which analyze the colonial discourse with emphasis on colonial consequences. These studies lay emphasis on colonialism as an intangible and cultural issue which still exists. The field and subject matter of postcolonial studies, due to emergence of new issues, has a very wide scope. This is because of the wide scope of the subjects falling within scope of postcolonial studies, which include, theory, literary critique, economic and political studies as well as research about colonial governments, identity and cultural studies. This leads to some ambiguities and controversies in the primary encounters of the researchers with this field of studies, causing some writers to consider conceptual unity and integrity for this field. It seems that a more precise study of the branches and approaches of this field is necessary. Hence, attempts have been made in the present paper to restudy the subject matter and approaches of postcolonial studies and analyze the ignored aspects of this discipline through a critical approach.

Abstract In response to the necessity of change and modernization, the hawza has employed a sort of interdisciplinary methodology, using some channels to communicate modern resources. This research discusses two such channels: hybrid students, who gathered both Islamic and modern knowledge and in this way they could bring to the hawza their experience and knowledge from outside; and hybrid Islamic institutes which are based within the hawza but are in systematic relations with academic sources as well. This research shows that these two channels were able to considerably enhance the hawza in the realms of education, research and social bonds. The achievements they made are of two types. One is development of the means and styles through using modern technologies and applied sciences; the other is enhancement of methodologies and thoughts by applying modern approaches in the humanities and social sciences. As a final conclusion of this research, it was pointed out that hybrid students and institutes have been much more successful regarding the former rather than the latter. However, the only way available still seems to be continuing this interdisciplinary approach, but through employing a more sophisticated methodology. 

Abstract Interdisciplinary study is a type of science which has become necessary after the shortcomings of specialization were found in science. Thus, we can say one reason that today the tendency is toward interdisciplinary, is specialization. Today mankind is facing complicated and multidimensional issues and consequently he needs multidimensional and interdisciplinary understanding and approaches to solve them. The goal of this article is to study the nature of knowledge and then to analyze the necessity of interdisciplinary studies in humanities according to Habermas’s point of view, a known representative of the Frankfurt School and Critical Theory. Using reliable texts and analytical methods, this study tries to answer to its main question, namely the nature of interdisciplinary approach in humanities. In the era ofmodernity, Habermas tries to show that the entirepart of humanmind abilitieshas been overcome by some of its part under the natural sciences and that it has prevented the recognition of the real world and created contrast between qualitative and quantitative methods in humanities. By criticizing the positivist approach and in the next step by proposing the theory of Communicative Action and Communicative Rationality, he emphasizes on the multidimensional nature of human knowledge and human issues and seeks to solve complex human issues through convergence and consensus on the ideal situation.

Abstract Introduction: Specialized discipline is debated to inductive method & experimental observation. At first science of philosophy pattern Descartes had governed in the late 20 era. Critical analytical in the area of research to make background for forming interdisciplinary research. Interdisciplinary research to exist in reaction to disciplinary research & gap between research & decision making in social living. Questions in this research discussed were: what is the interdisciplinary research? What is the interdisciplinary paradigm? & what are the Interdisciplinary research educational implications? Method: The kind of this research was qualitative research that was used from descriptive –analytical method & documental method for to collect information. Findings have showed that Interdisciplinary researches were reconciling two & many disciplinary science for solving a human problem. This area of research was based on procedural pluralist. Destination of interdisciplinary research is solving two essentials needs. This two essentials needs were: Needs to Solving problems that disciplinary science can not solved in & needs to unify knowledge. The essentials aims interdisciplinary researches are integrating of science & critical thinking. Paradigm that dominated on this area is kind of integrating paradigm Implications this research are to develop critical thinking , social responsibility &skills of analytical

Abstract Standard economics lonely is not able to answer a lot of various questions that we face today. So to solve these kinds of problems non-disciplinary approaches have been produced to answer these questions that a discipline lonely is not able to answer them. In This research first we review the whole Non-disciplinary approaches and then we discuss economic psychology as a cross-disciplinary approach. By study of this approach we can achieve new indexes that had not been studied in standard economics so far and use subjective utility to compute utility of friendship, self esteem and respect that were not attended in standard economics up to now. Also we would present Quantitative methods to account welfare carefully.