Political Sciences
M. Adibi; M. Tavasoli Roknabadi; M Taghavi
Abstract
The question of how to confront the West has always been an important issue for Iranians and their political and intellectual elites. The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a product of such a concern. Ayatollah Morteza Motahari, as one of the most important ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, tried to ...
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The question of how to confront the West has always been an important issue for Iranians and their political and intellectual elites. The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a product of such a concern. Ayatollah Morteza Motahari, as one of the most important ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, tried to provide an account of Islam that is able to compete with new Western ideologies, particularly Marxism, in order to prevent the youth from being attracted to such ideologies. He created new meanings and notions derived from religious, traditional and even modern roots. In this paper, the main question is how the West is represented in Motahari’s political discourse. The post-colonial approach is the theoretical framework and Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis theory is the research method. The findings of the research indicate that Motahari through representation and creation of otherness draws an identity boundary between “us” (Iranians) and the other (the West), and represents the latter with signifiers such as imperialist, exploiter, evil, cruel and darkness.
Future Studies of Higher Education
M. Sani Ejlal
Abstract
Based on chaos theory in today networked and interconnected world there are many driving forces which are shaping science and technology policy making (STP). It is essential to have multidisciplinary approach for understanding the relationship among diverse driving forces. The focus of this paper is ...
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Based on chaos theory in today networked and interconnected world there are many driving forces which are shaping science and technology policy making (STP). It is essential to have multidisciplinary approach for understanding the relationship among diverse driving forces. The focus of this paper is studying the role of international political relations and diplomacy on science and technology development in Iran. Iran proactive engagement in this new international networked system relied on smart interactive strategies and diplomacy in global sphere to facilitate science and technology development locally. Conceptually the theoretical framework of this paper has been based on Manuel Castells Networked Society theory and Immanuel Wallerstein theory of world system. The method of gathering and analyzing data is document studies. Keyword: Smart Interactions, Science and Technology policy, Science and Technology Developemt International networked System.
COVID-19 Crisis
G. Zakersalehi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the effects of the Covid-19 crisis on higher education. Futurology as an interdisciplinary field guides the orientation of this article. The results are presented in the form of future scenarios. The findings showed that higher education experts have already accepted the fact that the COVID-19 crisis has had impacts on higher education. Moreover, in their view, these effects are not simple and have wide and diverse dimensions. On average there was a fifty percent agreement on at least one of seven preferred scenarios mentioned above. Three major trends that are most likely to occur from the respondents' point of view are: strengthening e-learning (but not as a fundamental transformation and a complete online delivery of the content), a change in the academic lifestyle and paying more attention to sustainability. These three trends contain the most preferred scenarios.
M.H. Boochani; M. Sarrafi; J. Tavakolina; A. Dashti
Abstract
This paper attempts to examine the issue of which criteria relevant to the relations between national government and good urban governance are in keeping with the criteria of good urban governance in the Iranian constitution. By reading the constitution, it attempts to analyze its contents as the main ...
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This paper attempts to examine the issue of which criteria relevant to the relations between national government and good urban governance are in keeping with the criteria of good urban governance in the Iranian constitution. By reading the constitution, it attempts to analyze its contents as the main resource for planning at the local and national levels. From a theoretical aspect, the theoretic framework was designed through the employment of an approach for good urban governance in relation to Iran’s local requirements. The main indices that were selected consist of eight indices: effectiveness, decentralization and attention to local requirements, equality, right of participation and citizenship, coordination and consensus-orientation, regulatory compliance, accountability and transparency and truthfulness. Content analysis was used as the qualitative method of the research for description of the constitution through coding and systematic classification procedures. The use of this approach allowed us to describe the real nature of data using a qualitative method. The results show that in the Iranian constitution, suitable governance indices have been emphasized. The right to participation and accountability show the highest level of compatibility with the Iranian constitution while decentralization and regulatory compliance show the lowest level. Therefore, this approach was supported by the legislators at the time of writing of the Iranian constitution; attracting citizen participation, accountability, government structure response to the councils, and decentralization in the administration of the country’s affairs through local councils. In conclusion, on the basis of what was stated in the constitution regarding local and national governance is compatible with good urban governance criteria.
Interdisciplinary
M. Sepehri
Abstract
Ninian Smart, a distinguished contemporary pioneer of religious studies, moving away from traditional religious studies known as theology, considers his studies to be historical, comparative (in his favorite term cross-cultural), interdisciplinary as well as phenomenological and empathic, and presents ...
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Ninian Smart, a distinguished contemporary pioneer of religious studies, moving away from traditional religious studies known as theology, considers his studies to be historical, comparative (in his favorite term cross-cultural), interdisciplinary as well as phenomenological and empathic, and presents his model as an analytical one. His model offers seven interconnected dimensions for the religion: rituals, experimental, mythological, doctrinal and philosophical, ethical and legal, social and institutional, and material. On the other hand, mystical theology in comparison with the Smart’s view, through a model developed by Seyyed Haider Amoli (720 - after 787 H.), offers a type of spiritual-subjective and intuitive way that creates a phenomenological distance – to stay away from presuppositions and prejudices – and has the ability to show essentialist empathy in religious studies. This empathy, in the modern non-mystical phenomenology, does not go beyond mere mental and emotional empathy. Although Smart’s model introduces pluralistic dimensions of religion, and is broader in the analysis of worldviews and religions, it is not able to deeply analyze dimensions of religion as compared with the mystical-unitary model. The shari’a-tarighat-haghighat mystical model in its tripartite structure involves the metaphor of »the way» while providing a deep relationship between the dimensions of religion; this metaphor has a symbolic importance for the analysis of religious traditions as the manifestations of trans-historical realities in a historical and temporal path.
Abstract
Iran has reached critical level of water crisis, although long been facing water scarcity. Currently, the belief gained ground that the challenges of today and tomorrow are more related to poor governance than water shortage and the main strategy to cope with water crisis lies in water governance reform. ...
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Iran has reached critical level of water crisis, although long been facing water scarcity. Currently, the belief gained ground that the challenges of today and tomorrow are more related to poor governance than water shortage and the main strategy to cope with water crisis lies in water governance reform. The new research agenda of water governance underlines on interdisciplinary examination of theories drawn from public economics, institutional economics, political economy and public administration. The aim of this study is to analysis the past and present sustainability of water governance in Zayandeh-Rood basin. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, data were collected through documentary and survey research by structured interviews with 171 farmers and 68 experts. The results showed that the current water governance is not favorable with equity, effectiveness and efficiency, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, coherency, participation and rule of law principles. Further, this study tried to explain the fundamental principles of sustainability in traditional water governance which can facilitate the transition to effective and fit-for-purpose water governance.
Hamid Javedani; Jafar Tofighi
Abstract
It is almost three decades since the polemic challenges over the conceptualization ,comprehension and the ways of implication of interdisciplinary education and studies have been faced.These challenges, taking root from epistemological and methodological deficiencies of disciplinary knowledge in explaining ...
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It is almost three decades since the polemic challenges over the conceptualization ,comprehension and the ways of implication of interdisciplinary education and studies have been faced.These challenges, taking root from epistemological and methodological deficiencies of disciplinary knowledge in explaining and resolving complex issues of the real life ,still need to be taken up seriously. Regarding the short history of theorization in the field of Interdisciplinary Studies ,the suitable methodology for this study could be a critical analysis of theories and common thoughts in the field. The research findings of this theoretical study focus on conceptual integration ,alternative and critical thinking as the core issues which seem a prerequisite for the progress of Interdisciplinary Studies. Additionally, Interdisciplinary Studies are based on team interaction more than individual efforts. Factors like funding, professional orientation and institutional support, constitute the main contextual forces influencing interdisciplinarity .And also epistemological factors ,team factors and problem solving are the important factors in conducting interdisciplinary researches
Future Studies of Higher Education
M. Taheri Demneh; M. Kazemi
Abstract
Migration is one of those multidimensional phenomena which requires a variety of interdisciplinary approaches and methods to be studies and perceived. Reviewing the literature related to migration illustrates the fact that the theories explaining migration have been developed mostly around the macroeconomic ...
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Migration is one of those multidimensional phenomena which requires a variety of interdisciplinary approaches and methods to be studies and perceived. Reviewing the literature related to migration illustrates the fact that the theories explaining migration have been developed mostly around the macroeconomic issues and personal needs theories. However, if migration or the tendency to migrate is considered as a decision to take action, that decision of course arises from an image or variety of images of the future. People migrate in order to fulfill a desirable image of the future or ban an undesirable one. Accordingly, we can study images of the future in order to identify subjective and intersubjective parameters affecting migration. Aiming this, the present study explored the images the young people willing to migrate had about the future in a qualitative tradition using semi- structured interviews. The study was to investigate the phenomenon of migration regarding the construction of mental images related to the future. The data gathered from 23 interviews were put into theme analysis when the qualitative saturation was gained. The results showed that three major themes namely 1) dystopic images of the origin; 2) following a pandemic for leaving the country; and 3) the attractions of the destination are the strong images motivating migration. Among them, the dystopic images of the origin has the most significant share
S. Saraei; H. Afrakhteh; V. Riahi; H. Jalalian
Abstract
The dependence of the agricultural sector to water input is undeniable. In the era of information and communication, due to population growth and limited water resources, it is essential to employee information and communication technologies in order to provide food for people. This interdisciplinary ...
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The dependence of the agricultural sector to water input is undeniable. In the era of information and communication, due to population growth and limited water resources, it is essential to employee information and communication technologies in order to provide food for people. This interdisciplinary article, considering Agricultural, Information Technology, Management and Geography sciences; has tried to analyze the role of ICT in agricultural water use optimization using soft system approach that is the methodology of systematic thinking approach in management science. The issue of water use in agriculture has structural complexity, and the different stakeholders, have different views on it. Therefore, it is considered a soft issue. In this study, the basic question is answered that ICT through what mechanism could help to refine the pattern of water use in agriculture. The population of the study was all the farmers located in the Gavkhooni zone (N =145381) and a number of statistical sample was estimated at 383 using Cochran's formula. Using questionnaire required information was collected. Also, using semi-structured interviews with experts and officials of relevant agencies, stakeholders' views on the issue were identified. In the end, some suggestions for how to use ICT to solve this problem are presented. The results showed that from the viewpoints of stakeholders, an irrigation system through notification to farmers can help them in decision-making related to irrigation and can be effective in the amount of water use by farmers. Of course, setting up such a system demands of coordination between the concerned authorities and training the primary consumers.
Adel Paighami; Heidar Toorani
Abstract
In the past, philosophy of education and curriculum designing focused on specialization and single disciplinarity approach .But since the turn of the 20th century, by a vast literature of realizing real and new educational needs and competencies beyond a single discipline, and criticizing the limits ...
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In the past, philosophy of education and curriculum designing focused on specialization and single disciplinarity approach .But since the turn of the 20th century, by a vast literature of realizing real and new educational needs and competencies beyond a single discipline, and criticizing the limits of that narrow approach to the reality, defining integrated curriculum or non-disciplinarity approaches has been a topic of discussion .Over the last decades, theorists offered six basic categories for non-disciplinary works :Parallel Disciplinary Approach, Interdisciplinary Approach, Multi-Disciplinary Approach, Cross-Disciplinary Approach, Plural-Disciplinary Approach and Supra/Trans-Disciplinary Approach. Through these approaches, integration seemed to be a matter of degree and method from fundamentally different starting points. Economics also is essentially an integrated discipline from different social sciences, mathematics, economic subjects, knowledge and ideas, and even methodology of natural sciences, and inevitably, its curriculum, educational programs and courses can not be designed unless benefited from these literatures and approaches in the curriculum designing subject area. The present article briefly defines the non-disciplinarity approaches and shows their implications, applications and theoretical capacity in designing different possible curriculums and graduate educational courses in Economics
Humanities and Development
H. Honarvar; T. Aghayari Hir; M. Alizadeh Aghdam
Abstract
Among various influencing factors on sustainable consumption, are basic social value orientations, as the cornerstone for any human behavior, including consumer behavior. The present survey study aimed at investigating the relationships between basic social value orientations, including; materialism, ...
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Among various influencing factors on sustainable consumption, are basic social value orientations, as the cornerstone for any human behavior, including consumer behavior. The present survey study aimed at investigating the relationships between basic social value orientations, including; materialism, individualism, and collectivism (besides their sub-scales), with sustainable consumption. The study population includes all 15-64 years old citizens of Urmia City, from whom 516 are selected to be studied by the use of cluster sampling technique. Findings show that centrality dimension of materialism has shown negative and significant, and both horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism have shown positive and significant correlations with sustainable consumption. Multiple regression results indicate that these three variables accounted for 19 percent of the variation in sustainable consumption.
Political Sciences
M. Moradi Tadi
Abstract
One of the most serious issues facing humanity is the water crisis that requires systematic and immediate action. It has been addressed from different viewpoints across academic disciplines. In this paper, the most important dimensions between water and some areas of human sciences and sociology of humans ...
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One of the most serious issues facing humanity is the water crisis that requires systematic and immediate action. It has been addressed from different viewpoints across academic disciplines. In this paper, the most important dimensions between water and some areas of human sciences and sociology of humans are highlighted. The question of the role of water upon human life, its effects on the processes of civilization, and subsequently how the lack of water effects the relations between people, nations, and civilizations are the focus of this article. Likewise, it clarifies the problems through quantitative analysis. The conceptual focus of this paper is on the relationship between water and politics in Iran and the Middle East. After a literature of review, it demonstrates how water crisis can finally change the essence of ‘the politics’ tremendously while turning civilization into primitivism. Empirical facts such as water and war, or water and violence are used to support this claim. The paper concludes that water should be the subject for trans-disciplinary research. Its outcome, as a ‘problem identification’, paves the way for public policy to manage comprehensive plans and to cope with this huge crisis.
Ahmad Zandvanian
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce Philosophy of Adult Education as an interdisciplinary field at a graduate level. Currently, the field of Philosophy of Education and Adult Education are offered as two independent fields at some universities .This paper strives to create a link between Adult Education ...
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The aim of this paper is to introduce Philosophy of Adult Education as an interdisciplinary field at a graduate level. Currently, the field of Philosophy of Education and Adult Education are offered as two independent fields at some universities .This paper strives to create a link between Adult Education and Philosophy of Education. In this paper, a hundredyear history of philosophical studies in adult education has been reviewed. Although the major topics in Philosophy of Adult Education can be divided into three sections, in this paper, mostly the first section is reviewed. The three sections include: A) Categories presented in Philosophy of Adult Education, such as Elias’ and Merriam’s classification and Hiemstra’s classification. B) Study of philosophical roots of adult literacy approaches, such as functional literacy, information literacy. C) Recognition of thinkers in the field of Philosophy of Adult Education, such as Gruntvig and Mezirow. Finally, seven decades of adult education and literacy in Iran are reviewed and efforts are made to show that the cause root of literacy failure in Iran is partially due to lack of philosophical foundations . So this
Educational Sciences
H. Kaviani; N. Nasr
Abstract
Considering the rising trend in conducting research on environmental education, the present study attempted to compile the results of all research having done on the field of environmental education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Then, in addition to combining the results, it can achieve a single and ...
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Considering the rising trend in conducting research on environmental education, the present study attempted to compile the results of all research having done on the field of environmental education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Then, in addition to combining the results, it can achieve a single and consistent view of effective factors indomestic environmental education. The research method is the research synthesis and its statistical population consisted of all valid scientific articles available in the field of environmental education. Regarding regular search in domestic databases, 206001 scientific articles were identified based on including criteria. But finally, 78 articles were selected for final analysis based on exclusion criteria. To collect the data, a researcher-made worksheet form was designed to report and record the research data. For analyzing the findings, Roberts’six-step research synthesis model was employed via open and axial coding methods. According to the obtained findings, environmental education, as it increases environmental knowledge and sensitivity, is considered as the most important method for educating individuals in identifying and coping with biological problems. In this regard, what has affected the effectiveness of this training was itself influenced by six factors of need assessment, use of educational methods, formal education, informal education, public education, and lifelong education. According to the findings, formal education has encountered shortages and weaknesses, while informal education has been more effective in this regard.
Interdisciplinary
N. Rahmannasab Amiri; A. Pourezzat
Abstract
The crisis in global natural water will be an issue of concern in this century for several reasons. Some of them are population growth, climate changes and specifically unsustainable use of water resources that makes provision of safe drinking water one of the most important global concerns. As one of ...
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The crisis in global natural water will be an issue of concern in this century for several reasons. Some of them are population growth, climate changes and specifically unsustainable use of water resources that makes provision of safe drinking water one of the most important global concerns. As one of the human rights, the right to water will be a major concern. Undoubtedly, states have an international duty to ensure individual’s access to safe drinking water. But solving water crisis and finding further methods to use the water resources more sustainably shall not be attainable without the participation of the private sector. The engagement of transnational enterprises with high financial, technical and human resources from the private sector in water provision and management with respect to the right to water, reveals the importance of reviewing the role and responsibility of private sector, specifically transnational corporations in implementation of right to water. The present article, choosing interdisciplinary approach, attempts to review the legal and ethical justifications of private enterprises’ responsibility for human right to water as well as determine the nature and scope of such responsibility as a financial entity, not as public interest provider.
Mehran Rezvani; Seyed Hamid Khodadad Hoseini; Adel Azar; Parviz Ahmadi
Abstract
The essence of this study, by paradigmatic consideration, represents that research in Humanities conducted based on one paradigm like positivism, interpretive, critical theory, feminism, post modernism and chaos theory may bias thinking. This study aims at presenting an inventive framework originating ...
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The essence of this study, by paradigmatic consideration, represents that research in Humanities conducted based on one paradigm like positivism, interpretive, critical theory, feminism, post modernism and chaos theory may bias thinking. This study aims at presenting an inventive framework originating from the pluralistic standpoint to analyze paradigmatic inter-disciplinary studies in conjunction with three criteria such as “structure”, “pattern” and “process ” to reach a better understanding of these types of research. In this matter entrepreneurial marketing nascent concept as a subject of interdisciplinary, generated from the interface of marketing and entrepreneurship in managerial field, has been noted and illustrated in this inventive mapping. Results show that in new and inter-disciplinary researches, having simultaneously paid attention to different paradigms in different scopes can lead to better understanding of realties and freedom from context-depended thinking and prevent myopia
H. Sojasi Qeidari; T. Sadeqlou; R. Hosseini Kahnuj; K. Yazdani Marvi Langari
Abstract
Given that agriculture is the most important economic activity of villagers and the largest share of water consumption is in this sector, water scarcity in it can lead to serious crises such as political, economic, social and environmental tensions. And ... in the lives of humans, including rural villagers. ...
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Given that agriculture is the most important economic activity of villagers and the largest share of water consumption is in this sector, water scarcity in it can lead to serious crises such as political, economic, social and environmental tensions. And ... in the lives of humans, including rural villagers. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to analyze the social tensions caused by water scarcity among rural farmers in the Miyanjam rural. The method used is descriptive-analytical. The main tool for collecting data is a library method - documentary and field study using a questionnaire. For data processing and analysis of social tension, SPSS software was used and the PROMETHEE software was used to rank the villages. One-sample T test was used to study the variables of social tension due to water scarcity due to normal indices. Considering that the upper limit (1.1969) and the lower limit (0.3279) of indicators are positive and the mean of society in these indices is more than the test case, the results indicate that the mentioned indices in the studied villages in the middle position to the top. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (0.395) was used to investigate the relationship between two variables of drought and social tension, which showed that as social dysfunctions increase, social tensions increase. The results of the Prometheus software show that the villages of Amghan and Kalateh Marvi have the highest net inflow due to social tension.
Z. Tamassoki
Abstract
Contrary to our current approachto water, as a colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid, Iranians were used to understand it as apurifier; the most precious substancewhich was dowry of their profit’s daughter, andthe resource of whole life on earth. The main aim of this article is to present an ...
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Contrary to our current approachto water, as a colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid, Iranians were used to understand it as apurifier; the most precious substancewhich was dowry of their profit’s daughter, andthe resource of whole life on earth. The main aim of this article is to present an explanation for how the alteration of Iranian mentality on water has led to the excessive water consumption today by illuminating the factors which have affected this change. In pursuit of this goal, the article proceeds in five steps. First, the theoretical basis which the paper relies on is discussed by using the psychology of advertising and cultural studies findings; As a prologue for the historical account, a brief outline of water supernal value among Iranians before the modern era, through secondary written sources, is raised; Then urban water resources management in Qajar Tehran is described by analyzing the data gained through historical maps and documents besides memories, both in macro and micro levels of the city to show the physical organization of water resources and problems associated with the operation of water; after that, Iranian mentality on water during Qajar period is explained based on historical evidence; and at the main part, taking advantage of all the previous stages, it is discussed how the promotion of tap water has led to the alteration of water concept and its value in the Iranian mind; Finally, according to previous steps, two categories of strategies and tactics for the propagation of optimizing water use is proposed.
Alireza Araghieh; Kourosh Fathi Vajargah; Ahmadali Foroughi Abari Foroughi Abari; Nematollah Fazeli
Abstract
The present research is intended to show that ethnic policies and multicultural discussions have not been paid enough attention to in Iran so far, therefore; higher education curriculum is not based on recognized multi-cultural patterns and approaches .On the other hand, multicultural studies undertaken ...
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The present research is intended to show that ethnic policies and multicultural discussions have not been paid enough attention to in Iran so far, therefore; higher education curriculum is not based on recognized multi-cultural patterns and approaches .On the other hand, multicultural studies undertaken so far have not been properly used to design a recommended model of multiculturalism and ethnic policy in zran .These issues have deprived curriculum of qualities such as agility, variety and abundance .They have also created obstacles to Internationalisation of Curriculum (IOC) in higher education. Under these circumstances curriculum specialists have met some kinds of epistemological challenges and as a result, it has left higher education policy makers no choice but to enter into related discussions .In order for the problem to be solved and this perceived and social need to be responded to, and to avoid one-sidedness towards the concept of multiculturalism, an interdisciplinary approach has been applied to the research and different types of multicultural curriculum integration have been recommended for designing a multicultural curriculum
Linguistics
M.S. Ghiasian; M. Vandhosseini; B. Zandi; M.R. Ahmadkhani
Abstract
"Water shortage" and "air pollution" are two environmental crises threatening Tehran metropolis, and have caused lots of problems for the citizens. The question is which organization is responsible to investigate these issues? Is it the Environment Protection Agency, the mass media, or the cognitive ...
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"Water shortage" and "air pollution" are two environmental crises threatening Tehran metropolis, and have caused lots of problems for the citizens. The question is which organization is responsible to investigate these issues? Is it the Environment Protection Agency, the mass media, or the cognitive linguistics? It seems none of them can resolve the problem by themselves, and the interdisciplinary studies are needed in order to analyze the crises from different point of views. So, during this article, we attempted to describe and analyze those visual Images in Hamshahri newspaper (2015) that their main concern was environmental crises. The main question of our study was: "How do the visual images help to reduce the environmental crises using the pictorial metaphors approach (Forceville, 2016)?" The main assumption of the approach was "if there is not any major contrast between the main elements of the approach and the main elements of the visual images in the Hamshahri newspaper, the visual images of the newspaper will have the capability of being received by the readers". In this case, the designers of the visual images will accomplish their goals -reducing the environmental crises. If not, it is necessary some fundamental changes to be done. The study was descriptive- analytic, and most times its results were in line with Forceville (2016). In general, it was concluded that the pictorial metaphors in Hamshahri newspaper had the capability of being understood by the readers. So, the designers accomplished their main goal - reducing the environmental crises.
M.B. Arayesh
Abstract
The main purpose of this qualitative study carried out in a phenomenological manner was to pro- environmental analysis of the water and drought crisis scenario based on the theory of planned behavior of Ajzen from the view point of farmers in Ilam County. The theory of planned behavior was used to analyze ...
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The main purpose of this qualitative study carried out in a phenomenological manner was to pro- environmental analysis of the water and drought crisis scenario based on the theory of planned behavior of Ajzen from the view point of farmers in Ilam County. The theory of planned behavior was used to analyze Behavioral pattern. The study used a combination of psychology, anthropology sciences and technical knowledge of agriculture. The studied population of current research was framers who have faced with the most droughts in recent years and irrigation experts of office of jihad Agriculture of Ilam Township and crisis management experts of Ilam Governorship. Subjects were identified through snowball method. The data were collected using in-depth interviews and direct observation and were analyzed based on the clabzi pattern. The results showed that farmers employ indigenous ways such as changing crop patterns, feed store, changing the time of planting, livelihood diversification, restoration of waterways for the adaptation to drought and grazing dry farms, buying water from neighbors, reduce livestock, cut down the trees in order to cope with drought. The results of the experts population indicated that experts are doing actions in three phases before the crisis (integrated management of water resources and institutional capacity building), during the crisis (targeted support and planning system) and after the crisis (agricultural development and sustainable livelihoods).
zabihollah Khanjarkhani; Bakhtiar Nasrabadi; arezou Ebrahimi Dinani
Abstract
In this complicated modern world, humans are in need of general views in order to solve their roblems. It is only Interdisciplinary Studies which specially promotes the integrity of Academic Ground as well as researches conducted by specialists and therefore, leading tothe dynamism of educational system ...
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In this complicated modern world, humans are in need of general views in order to solve their roblems. It is only Interdisciplinary Studies which specially promotes the integrity of Academic Ground as well as researches conducted by specialists and therefore, leading tothe dynamism of educational system and the development and reforming of culture. In addition, interfering with content, research methodology, principles and approaches have removed common scientific borders. The fact is that progress in every field is highly in need of views by scientists in interdisciplinary studies, than the researches undertaken by the scientists in that field. The interdisciplinary scientistsdo not accept the realities and needs of the new world of the ultra fields which have one-sided, narrow, limited and specific structures. They find familiarity with interdisciplinary approaches and the need to know their roots necessary for curriculum specialists. They also consider interdisciplinary specialties quite essential for faculties and institutes on the lookout for reaching new borders and creating specific necessities in the scientific field, particularly the humanities. This paper is prepared in three sections: in the first section, the introduction, the necessity and importance of history of interdisciplinary approachesaredescribed. In the second section, interdiscipline and its types are discussed. In the third section, educational polices and their specialists and users are pointed out and the related challenges are taken on. Finally, some results and suggestions are presented which briefly follows: 1) simultaneous applying of disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches in research domain; in other words, logic structure stands in parallel with the organization of various skills, both under equal focus. 2) Rationalization of philosophy of existing of interdiscipline among officials, and the internalization of these values in individuals. 3) Investment in this domain due to the necessity of proper education in all fields, conducting general and practicable researches and facilitating the developments in one field with the help of the other
Management
M. Malekmohamadi; M. Mozaffari
Abstract
Proper management of water resource patterns is considered as one of the main infrastructure for sustainable development in the energy sector. Drought, population growth, industrialization and urbanization are the factors that have contributed to the country's water supply crisis. In this regard, social ...
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Proper management of water resource patterns is considered as one of the main infrastructure for sustainable development in the energy sector. Drought, population growth, industrialization and urbanization are the factors that have contributed to the country's water supply crisis. In this regard, social marketing has an effective role in reforming the pattern of consumption in the energy sector, especially in the consumption of water resources. In this research, in order to determine the relationship between effective factors in social marketing and its role in voluntarily changing water of consumption and effective management, from 115 knowledgeable experts in the field of water resources as a statistical society, asked about the factors that associated the pattern of consumption in form of a questionnaire. Based on the analysis, it was found that three factors of social marketing (location, product and culture) have a significant relationship, and then by ranking the social marketing factors with fuzzy TOPSIS method, the factor of location as the most important factor was obtained (0.644).
Abstract
Planning is one of the human occupations in his social life but its conception has been changed along with social changes. Today, university planning is facing crisis regarding its complex situation: so liner approach in planning cant anwer to the university systems reform and perception. In most "developing ...
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Planning is one of the human occupations in his social life but its conception has been changed along with social changes. Today, university planning is facing crisis regarding its complex situation: so liner approach in planning cant anwer to the university systems reform and perception. In most "developing countries", imitation approach from the industrial specific and unique situation. The important thing is planning thought which attend to past, present and future dynamic communication in university situation. if until now future was an important thing for the planning, after this, dialectic of past, present and future will be determine in planning. Planning thought with emphasize on university dynamic realities based on their background profit from different science and techniques for planning in university development therefore the planning for the university development has been situated in the interdisciplinary area. This article, delibrate on university complex systems and critique liner approach in higher education and universities planning; So, in this study planning thought is examining as an interdisciplinary and creative issue in the development planning of university.
Mahmoud Mehrmohammadi
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to offer explanations with respect to some of the less evident aspects of this policy intent. The higher education systems, it is argued, are experiencing a challenging period where the felt need in this regard does not match the level of wisdom and the extent of insight required. ...
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The goal of this paper is to offer explanations with respect to some of the less evident aspects of this policy intent. The higher education systems, it is argued, are experiencing a challenging period where the felt need in this regard does not match the level of wisdom and the extent of insight required. The paper proceeds with a review of the literature in the curriculum field which aims at providing better understanding of different genres of curriculum integration concluding that this source although vital for policy makers at the higher education, will need to be further developed in order to match the complexities peculiar to higher education. The author, then, addresses the rationale for curriculum integration at higher education which he regards as manipulation of the current knowledge and technology map to address the emergent needs. This, he contends, requires concentration on a knowledge production system to meet the standard of a new knowledge domain. Without due attention to this prerequisite, the resulting product can not be regarded as a genuine interdisciplinary science and it will rather be looked upon as a mere addition or juxtaposition of two or mote extant knowledge fields. In the final section of the paper, five policy options are discussed.
